"re_id","re_key","vegmanstat","biodivstat","biodivstat_notes","est_ext","ext_res","description","short_desc","short_desc_reg","supp_desc","subregion","protareas","special_values","fire_guidelines","comments","wtqwha","bioregion_id","landzone_id","wetland","structure_category","bioregion_name","name" "1.11.1","11101","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Shrubby woodland of Terminalia spp., Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Cochlospermum fraseri. Occurs on outcrop on hills on strongly deformed calcareous pre-Cambrian sediments; skeletal soils.","Mixed shrubby woodland on folded limestone's","Mixed shrubby woodland on folded limestones","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa","3.","No representation.","","ISSUES: Do not target for fire exclusion or prescribed burns. ","Poorly known, more information required.","","1","11","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "1.11.2","11102","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low"," Eucalyptus leucophloia low open-woodland or low woodland, sometimes with E. leucophylla usually with a Acacia spp. dominated shrub layer and Triodia spp. and/or tussock grass understorey. Treeless areas common. Occurs on hills and ranges on strongly folded metamorphic pre-Cambrian rocks; soils skeletal, some red earths. Major vegetation communities include: 1.11.2a: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia often with Corymbia spp., Terminalia aridicola and E. leucophylla with shrub layer of Acacia spp.and ground layer of Triodia spp. Occurs on steep hills and strike ridges 1.11.2d: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia often with E. leucophylla, Corymbia spp., Terminalia aridicola and/or Brachychiton collinus on rock outcrops with a very sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. and a sparse to very sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens. Occurs on steep rocky slopes and crests on metamorphosed igneous rocks 1.11.2e: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla and E. leucophloia often with Acacia cambagei and Corymbia terminalis with a sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens and/or Triodia longiceps. Occurs on footslopes and lower slopes, broken by creeks and drainages 1.11.2x1: Low open-woodland of Corymbia capricornia, often with Eucalyptus leucophloia and Triodia spp. understorey. Treeless areas common. Occurs on upper slopes and summits of hills and ranges on strongly folded metamorphic pre-Cambrian rocks, skeletal soils. 1.11.2x2: Acacia cambagei low woodland. Occurs on hills and ranges of fine grained metamorphic sediments. 1.11.2x2a: Low woodland to open-forest of Acacia shirleyi. Occurs on metamorphic hills. 1.11.2x2b: Acacia cambagei low woodland with a sparse to very sparse ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on colluvial footslopes 1.11.2x3: Low open-woodland of Corymbia aspera, often with Terminalia aridicola subsp. aridicola, Eucalyptus leucophloia and C. capricornia with a Triodia spp. understorey. Occurs on rock outcrops on hills and ranges on strongly folded siliceous sedimentary and metamorphic pre-Cambrian rocks; skeletal soils. 1.11.2x4: Low open-woodland of Terminalia aridicola, often with Brachychiton collinus, Alphitonia spp. and Corymbia aspera with mid-dense shrub layer of Acacia spp. and ground layer of mixed tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on rock outcrops on hills and ranges on strongly folded siliceous sedimentary and metamorphic pre-Cambrian rocks. 1.11.2x4a: Very sparse-shrubland of Calytrix brownii with scattered emergent Terminalia aridicola, Ficus spp. and Alphitonia spp. Occurs on exposed rock faces. 1.11.2x5: Open-shrubland of Eucalyptus odontocarpa with a mixed shrub layer including Acacia monticola, Acacia retivenea and Grevillea wickhamii with a Triodia pungens ground layer. Occurs on siliceous metamorphics on the far west of the Mount Isa Inlier.","Eucalyptus leucophloia low open-woodland","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on siliceous rocky hills on folded sediments","Christian et al. (1954), Yelvertoft, Mount Isa; Neldner (1991), part 16, part 39; Perry et al. (1964), Argylla, Kuridala, Quamby","1, 3, 4.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","SEASON: 1.11.2, 1.11.2x1, 1.11.2x3, 1.11.2x5: Storm season to early dry season. 1.11.2x2, 1.11.2x2a: Wet season - early dry season. 1.11.1x4 and 4a: n/a. INTENSITY: Various. 1.11.1x4 and 4a: n/a. INTERVAL: 1.11.2, 1.11.2x1, 1.11.2x3, 1.11.2x5: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.11.2x2: >30 years. 1.11.2x2a: Not more than once every 30 years. 1.11.1x4 and 4a: n/a. STRATEGY: 1.11.2, 1.11.2x1, 1.11.2x3, 1.11.2x5: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. 1.11.2x2a, 1.11.2x4 and 4a: n/a. ISSUES: 1.11.2x2: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). 1.11.2x2a: Sensitive to high frequency intense fires. 1.11.2x3: E. aspera appears to grow only on escarpments, faces and tops, lending a largely self-protecting aspect to this RE. Fire prescriptions may need to be changed to reflect that of 1.10.3. 1.11.2x4: Do not target for fire exclusion or prescribed burns. 1.11.2x4a: A largely self-protecting community. ","","","1","11","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "1.11.3","11103","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis usually with Eucalyptus leucophylla or E. leucophloia with Acacia spp. dominated shrub layer and ground layer of Triodia spp. and/or tussock grasses. Includes areas of Acacia spp. shrubland and Triodia spp. grassland. Occurs on metabasalts and dolerites; skeletal soils, some shallow loams Major vegetation communities include: 1.11.3a: Low open-woodland Eucalyptus leucophylla often with Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja and Atalaya hemiglauca with scattered shrubs of Acacia chisholmii and a sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens. Occurs on broad low hills; metamorphosed igneous rocks 1.11.3b: Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis and/or Eucalyptus leucophylla often with E. leucophloia with a sparse shrub layer dominated by Acacia chisholmii and a sparse ground layer dominated by Triodia pungens. Occurs on hills, rises: dolerite 1.11.3x1: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla often with Corymbia terminalis and E. leucophloia with Acacia spp. dominated shrub layer and ground layer of Triodia spp. and/or tussock grasses. Includes areas of Acacia spp. shrubland and Triodia spp. grassland. Occurs on hills on strongly folded pre-Cambrian rocks; skeletal soils, some shallow loams. 1.11.3x1b: Low open-woodland Eucalyptus leucophylla often with Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja and E. leucophloia with a variable, patchy shrub layer dominated by Acacia spp. and a very sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens with Triodia spp. and/or tussock grasses Occurs on broad low hills; gently undulating 1.11.3x1c: Eucalyptus leucophylla low open-woodland with a very sparse ground layer of Triodia longiceps. Occurs on low hills 1.11.3x1d: Low very open woodland of Corymbia terminalis +/- Corymbia aparrerinja +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa +/- Atalaya hemiglauca +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii +/- Grevillea striata over a ground layer dominated by annual grasses and forbs which is largely bare for much of the year. Occurs on undulating low hills","Corymbia terminalis low open woodland on basic metamorphics","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland on basic rocky hills on folded sediments","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa; Neldner (1991), 38; Perry et al. (1964), Argylla, Kuridala, Quamby","3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 6 - 12 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: Scattered vine thicket communities occur within this RE and thus this RE may be used as a buffer for the vine thickets. Fire intervals should be longer than those of the 11a communities. ","","","1","11","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "1.11.4","11104","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus pruinosa shrubby low open-woodland. Occurs on lower slopes and valley bottoms between ranges formed on strongly folded pre-Cambrian sediments and metamorphic rocks; shallow stony soils, including shallow loams and yellow podzolics;","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on shallow soils in valleys below folded sediments","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on shallow soils in valleys below folded sediments","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa","3.","Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: This RE is infested with buffel grass in parts. Appropriate steps to deal with buffel need to be considered. ","A combination of Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) invasion, changed fire regime and high total grazing pressure is leading to changes in floristics and structure. More information required on current condition.","","1","11","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "1.11.5","11105","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Cyperus vaginatus is a characteristic species. Occurs on springs associated with metamorphic rock.","Springs associated with metamorphic rocks","Springs associated with metamorphic rocks","Fensham et al. (2004)","3","No representation","Provides wetland habitat for a flora and fauna.","ISSUES: Potential for peat fires - to be avoided. ","Impacted by excavation and stock trampling. Poorly surveyed, but permanent springs probably of limited extent","","1","11","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "1.12.1","11201","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia, sometimes with E. leucophylla, Corymbia terminalis or C. aparrerinja with an Acacia spp. dominated shrub layer and Triodia spp. dominated ground layer. Includes areas of treeless Triodia spp. grasslands and Acacia spp. shrublands. Occurs on ranges and stony hills and rises on igneous rocks; skeletal soils and some shallow red earths. Major vegetation communities include: 1.12.1x1: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla often with Corymbia terminalis or C. aparrerinja, shrub layer of Acacia chisholmii with hummock grass ground layer of Triodia spp. Includes areas of treeless Triodia spp. grasslands and Acacia spp. shrublands. Occurs on ranges and stony hills and rises on igneous rocks; skeletal soils and some shallow red earths. 1.12.1x1b: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla often with low trees or shrubs including Atalaya hemiglauca, Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja, Acacia cambagei, Grevillea striata, Hakea arborescens and Eucalyptus pruinosa and a sparse ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on near level plains to undulating rises 1.12.1x2: Low woodland of Acacia cambagei. Occurs on stony hills. 1.12.1x3: Low open woodland of Corymbia terminalis and/or Eucalyptus leucophylla +/- Eucalyptus leucophloia with Acacia chisholmii dominated shrub layer and Triodia pungens dominated ground layer. Occurs on dolerite 1.12.1x3b: Mixed grassland including Eulalia aurea, Iseilema spp., Brachyachne convergens, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Aristida latifolia, Dichanthium spp. and Themeda triandra with emergent trees of Corymbia terminalis +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa +/- Eucalyptus leucophylla often with Triodia longiceps, associated with outcropping rocks. Occurs on dolerite 1.12.1x4: Low open-woodland of Terminalia aridicola and Brachychiton collinus. Acacia spp. shrub layer and ground layer of Triodia spp. and tussock grasses. Occurs on torfields and low rounded hills on foliated biotite granite.","Eucalyptus leucophloia low open woodland on granites","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) low open woodland on rocky hills on acid igneous rocks","Christian et al. (1954), Waverley; Neldner (1991), part 16, part 39; Perry et al. (1964), Kuridala, Quamby, Mount Elliott","3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1.12.1: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.12.1x1: 6 - 12 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.12.1x2: >30 years. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: 1.12.1x1: Scattered vine thicket communities occur within this RE and thus this RE may be used as a buffer for the vine thickets. Fire intervals should be longer than those of the 11a communities. 1.12.1x2: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). ","","","1","12","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "1.12.2","11202","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus melanophloia subsp. (Dajarra V.J.Neldner 1523) over Triodia spp. with occasional Terminalia aridicola. Acacia spp. understorey. Occurs on torfields and low rounded hills on foliated biotite granite; skeletal and shallow coarse sands.","Silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia) low open woodland on low hills and torfields on biotite granites","Silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia) low open woodland on low hills and torfields on biotite granites","Christian et al. (1954), Waverley","3.","No representation.","Torfields and associated caves and crevices believed significant for some fauna, e.g. bats.","SEASON: 1.12.2: Storm season to early dry season. 1.12.2x1: n/a. INTENSITY: 1.12.2: Various. 1.12.2x1: n/a. INTERVAL: 1.12.2: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.12.2x1: n/a. STRATEGY: 1.12.2: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. 1.12.2x1: n/a. ISSUES: 1.12.2x1: Do not target for fire exclusion or prescribed burns. ","Subject to mining. This community poorly known. Detailed survey required to verify extent and condition, and to determine faunal values.","","1","12","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "1.3.8","10308","Not of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland including Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lophostemon grandiflorus, Melaleuca argentea, Terminalia canescens, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Acacia holosericea. Occurs on within-channel deposits and levees of major watercourses; alluvial soils.","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on channels and levees (north)","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on channels and levees (north)","Christian et al. (1954), Robinson, Redbank","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","INTENSITY: n/a (low fuel loads). STRATEGY: n/a. Will burn patchily due to low flammability and naturally small fuel loads. ISSUES: A hydrology-driven habitat (not fire-driven) i.e. fuel loads do not really build up. Do not actively target for prescribed burning but, as the RE is not particularly fire sensitive, it can tolerate occasional burns. ","Subject to degradation by high total grazing pressure.","","1","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.1","10301","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Astrebla pectinata tussock grasslands, occasionally with Acacia cambagei or Eucalyptus microtheca emergents. Astrebla elymoides in depressions. Occurs on plains on Quaternary alluvium; calcareous grey or brown clays. Major vegetation communities include: 1.3.1x1: Mixed tussock grassland including Astrebla pectinata, Aristida latfolia, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Eulalia aurea, Chrysopogon fallax, Sarga spp. and Iseilema spp. often with emergent trees of Corymbia terminalis and/or Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or Lysiphyllum cunninghamii. Occurs on alluvium in limestone landscapes.","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on alluvial plains","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on alluvial plains","Christian et al. (1954), Barkly, Wonardo, Kallala, Georgina, Moonah; Neldner (1991), 43","1.","Camooweal Caves NP.","","SEASON: Storm burns when sufficient fuel. Link fire with rain. INTENSITY: Occasional. INTERVAL: > 3 years. STRATEGY: Small patch burns, natural mosaic, burn <30% of area. ISSUES: Encroachment of woody-stemmed plants (Acacia/Atalaya) through over-grazing and lack of burning. ","Outlier of Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion. 1.3.1x1: Subject to high grazing pressure","","1","3","Contains palustrine wetland (e.g. in swales)","Grassland","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.2","10302","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low open-woodlands and low woodlands of Eucalyptus microtheca over annual and perennial grasses. Associated species include Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Acacia stenophylla, A. cambagei and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ","Coolabah (Eucalyptus microtheca) low open woodland to woodland on alluvial floodplains and channels.","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) low open woodland to woodland on alluvial floodplains and channels","Christian et al. (1954), Georgina, Kallala, Wonardo, Moonah; Neldner (1991), 17","1.","Camooweal Caves NP.","","SEASON: Wet season. INTENSITY: Low. INTERVAL: When necessary to reduce build up of palm / pandanus debris in order to protect against wildfire. STRATEGY: This ecosystem requires partial burns of each patch only when absolutely necessary, thus maximising fauna refugia. ISSUES: None identified. ","Outlier of Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion. High total grazing pressure leading to degradation along watercourses. *Acacia farnesiana is often present. Seasonal wetlands.","","1","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.3","10303","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Acacia georginae low woodlands and low open-woodlands with Astrebla spp. grassland understorey. Occurs on alluvial clay plains adjacent to Tertiary and Quaternary sand plains; red and brown clays and earths.","Georgina gidgee (Acacia georginae) low woodland-low open woodland on clay plains","Georgina gidgee (Acacia georginae) low woodland-low open woodland on clay plains","Christian et al. (1954), Kallala, Moonah; Neldner (1991), 10, 28","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm burns when sufficient fuel. Link fire with rain. INTENSITY: Occasional. INTERVAL: > 3 years. STRATEGY: Small patch burns, natural mosaic, burn <30% of area. ISSUES: Encroachment of woody-stemmed plants (Acacia/Atalaya) through over-grazing and lack of burning. ","Outlier of Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion. Subject to limited tree clearing, which may increase soil surface salinity. Ground water discharge zone from adjacent sand plains.","","1","3","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.4","10304","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland and low woodland of Acacia cambagei over annual grasses. Occasional Atalaya hemiglauca, Hakea lorea subsp. lorea, Grevillea striata and Acacia excelsa. Occurs on alluvial plains and valley bottoms between ranges formed on strongly folded pre-Cambrian rocks; red or brown earths and clays. Major vegetation communities include: 1.3.4x1: Aristida spp. sparse tussock grassland, bare for much of the year, sometimes with Triodia longiceps with scattered emergent trees of Grevillea striata and/or Acacia cambagei and/or Atalaya hemiglauca and/or Acacia excelsa subsp. angusta and/or Corymbia spp. and/or Eucalyptus spp. and/or Hakea spp. Occurs on flat bare areas adjacent watercourses.","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low open woodland to woodland on earths in valleys","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low open woodland to woodland on earths in valleys","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Waverley; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby","1, 3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Wet season - early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: >30 years. STRATEGY: None identified. ISSUES: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). ","High total grazing pressure, changes in fire regime and Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) invasion is changing the ecosystem's floristics. More information required on current condition. 1.3.4x1: Highly susceptible to erosion.","","1","3","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.5","10305","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Variable open-woodland that may include Corymbia polycarpa, Eucalyptus leucophylla, E. tectifica, C. bella and C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia over annual and perennial grasses. Associates include Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Hakea arborescens, Eucalyptus pruinosa and Melaleuca viridiflora. Occurs on alluvial terraces associated with major watercourses; deep yellow podzolics and earths.","Mixed eucalypt open woodland on sandy alluvial terraces","Mixed eucalypt open woodland on sandy alluvial terraces","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Robinson","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. Will burn patchily due to low flammability and naturally small fuel loads. ISSUES: This RE is infested with buffel grass in parts. Appropriate steps to deal with buffel need to be considered. ","Areas of scalding due to high total grazing pressure. Further information required to verify condition.","","1","3","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.6","10306","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland and low woodland of Corymbia aparrerinja and C. terminalis. Acacia victoriae may dominate heavier soils. Occurs on terraces and floodplains on Quaternary alluvium; alluvial soils, some earths and deep yellow podzolics. Major vegetation communities include: 1.3.6a: Woodland of Corymbia aparrerinja often with C. terminalis, Eucalyptus leucophylla, E. camaldulensis, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and/or Acacia cambagei with a sparse ground layer of tussock grasses with Triodia longiceps in some places. Occurs on river terraces. 1.3.6c: Corymbia aparrerinja woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata and mid-dense ground layer of tussock grasses dominated by Chrysopogon fallax and Bothriochloa ewartiana. Occurs on river terraces. 1.3.6x1: Woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or E. pruinosa, often with Corymbia terminalis, Acacia cambagei, Atalaya hemiglauca and C. aparrerinja with a mixed ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on recent alluvial terraces of larger watercourses and in channel deposits of ephemeral streams. 1.3.6x1a: Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or E. pruinosa woodland often with Corymbia terminalis and Acacia cambagei with a sparse mixed shrub layer and a sparse ground layer dominated by Bothriochloa ewartiana and Sehima nervosum, often with Triodia longiceps. Occurs on ephemeral watercourses with active beds. 1.3.6x1b: Eucalyptus leucophylla woodland with a mid-dense ground layer dominated by tussock grasses. Occurs on narrow terraces. 1.3.6x1c: Acacia cambagei and Eucalyptus leucophylla woodland with a sparse ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia longiceps. Occurs on terraces 1.3.6x1d: Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or E. pruinosa open-woodland, often with Corymbia terminalis, Acacia cambagei, Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata and C. aparrerinja, with a scattered shrub layer and mid-dense ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on wide terraces adjacent major rivers 1.3.6x1e: Mixed species grassland dominated by Dichanthium spp., Iseilema spp., Eulalia aurea and/or Bothriochloa ewartiana. Occurs on shallow alluvium on metabasalt plains. 1.3.6x2: Low open woodland of Corymbia terminalis often with Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and/or Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A second tree layer of Terminalia aridicola and/or Hakea arborescens is usually present with a mixed shrub layer including Acacia spp., Carissa lanceolata, Grewia retusifolia, Senna spp. and Dodonaea spp. and mixed ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia pungens. Occurs on recent alluvial terraces of smaller streams in limestone landscapes.","Ghost gum (Corymbia aparrerinja), bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) open woodland on sandy terraces","Ghost gum (Corymbia aparrerinja), bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) open woodland on sandy terraces","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Wonorah, Gregory; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala; Neldner (1991), 3","3.","No representation.","Significant sub-regional fauna habitat due to the number and size of trees with hollows.","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. Low fuel loads. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. Will burn patchily due to low flammability and naturally small fuel loads. ISSUES: 1.3.6: This RE is infested with buffel grass in parts. Appropriate steps to deal with buffel need to be considered. 1.3.6x1: A hydrology-driven habitat (not fire-driven) i.e. fuel loads do not really build up. Do not actively target for prescribed burning but, as the RE is not particularly fire sensitive, it can tolerate occasional burns. ","Subject to Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) invasion. High total grazing pressure and changed fire regime have led to major changes in floristics. 1.3.6x1b: Ground layer almost entirely dominated by Cloncurry buffel (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis). 1.3.6x1e: Subject to high grazing pressure 1.3.6x2: Subject to a high level of grazing pressure.","","1","3","Contains riverine wetland","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.3.7","10307","Not of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Fringing woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, with Melaleuca bracteata on levees of smaller channels and M. argentea on those of larger ones. Lophostemon grandiflorus usually present, occasional Terminalia aridicola. Eucalyptus microtheca or E. leucophylla on finer textured soils. Melaleuca leucadendra may dominate creek lines where water is available for extended periods each year. Occurs on recent levees and channel deposits of larger tributaries; alluvial soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.3.7a: Fringing woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, usually with Lophostemon grandiflorus and Melaleuca leucadendra and/or M. argentea. Occurs on recent levees and channel deposits of major watercourses and larger tributaries. 1.3.7b: Fringing woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, usually with Lophostemon grandiflorus and Melaleuca bracteata and/or M. dissitiflora. Occurs on recent levees and channel deposits of medium and smaller tributaries which are dry for most of the year; alluvial soils. 1.3.7c: Woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla often with E. camaldulensis, Corymbia terminalis and Acacia cambagei with ground layer dominated by Bothriochloa ewartiana and/or Triodia longiceps. Occurs on channel deposits in minor watercourses. 1.3.7d: Fringing forest of Melaleuca leucadendra, Lophostemon grandiflorus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Livistona rigida where there is permanent water or the channel is confined by topography; woodland of E. camaldulensis and Lophostemon grandiflorus with a dense shrub layer dominated by Vitex trifolia, Flueggea leucopyrus and Melaleuca spp. between permanent holes and where the channel is not closely confined by topography. Occurs on alluvial deposits along major watercourses; alluvial soils. 1.3.7e: Waterholes with aquatic plants with or without fringing woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and/or Melaleuca leucadendra and/or Melaleuca fluviatilis and/or Eucalyptus microtheca. Waterholes within major stream channels.","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on channels and levees (south)","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on channels and levees (south)","Christian et al. (1954), Waverley, Gregory; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala, Argylla, Torwood; Neldner (1991), 1, 2","1, 3.","No representation.","Important seasonal water bird habitat; regional corridor for fauna.","INTENSITY: n/a (low fuel loads). STRATEGY: n/a. Will burn patchily due to low flammability and naturally small fuel loads. ISSUES: A hydrology-driven habitat (not fire-driven) i.e. fuel loads do not really build up. Do not actively target for prescribed burning but, as the RE is not particularly fire sensitive, it can tolerate occasional burns. ","Severely degraded by high total grazing pressure. Includes a number of within-channel ecosystems. Survey required to verify condition and faunal values.","","1","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.10.1","11001","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Shrubby low open-woodland of Corymbia capricornia. Occasional C. aspera, and Terminalia aridicola. Acacias usually prominent. Ground cover of Triodia spp. and annual grasses. Occurs on residual plateaus and scarps on horizontal or gently deformed sandstones and conglomerates; skeletal soils, minor shallow sands.","Corymbia capricornia low open woodland on sandstone plateaus","Corymbia capricornia low open woodland on sandstone plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Redbank, Robinson, Wonorah; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood","3.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR, Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","Mainly subregion 4, minor in far north of subregion 3.","","1","10","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.2","11002","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus miniata woodland, usually with Corymbia ferruginea subsp. ferruginea, C. polycarpa, C. capricornia, Owenia vernicosa and Erythrophleum chlorostachys. Melaleuca spp. often present where drainage restricted. Triodia spp. understorey. Occurs on plateaus on pre-Cambrian sandstones and conglomerates, and on interbedded acid volcanics; shallow gravels and sands and skeletal soils.","Woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata) woodland on sandstone plateaus","Woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata) woodland on sandstone plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Robinson, Redbank","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","","","1","10","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.3","11003","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Low open-woodland of Corymbia aspera with occasional Gardenia pyriformis, Calytrix exstipulata, Buchanania obovata, Cochlospermum fraseri, Eucalyptus miniata, Erythroxylum ellipticum, Ficus spp., Petalostigma banksii, Grevillea spp., Acacia spp. and in the north, Eucalyptus herbertiana and Livistona inermis. Ground cover predominantly Triodia spp. between bare rock. Occurs on rugged stony hills on pre-Cambrian sediments and interbedded acid volcanics; rock outcrop and skeletal soils.","Corymbia aspera low open woodland on rocky soils","Corymbia aspera low open woodland on rocky soils","Christian et al. (1954), Robinson","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","ISSUES: Largely self-protecting due to occurrence on rocky outcrops. ","","","1","10","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.4","11004","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia. Acacias usually prominent, forming shrublands in the far south. Ground cover of Triodia spp. and annual grasses. Occurs on residual plateaus and scarps on near horizontally bedded sandstones and conglomerates; skeletal soils.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and/ or Acacia spp. low open woodland on stony sandstone plateaus","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and/ or Acacia spp. low open woodland on stony sandstone plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Wonorah; Neldner (1991), part 16, part 39; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood","3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","Most extensive in the south-west of the subregion.","","1","10","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.5","11005","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Acacia shirleyi open-forest. Occurs on residual plateaus on sandstones; skeletal soils and shallow red earths.","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) open forest on skeletal soils and earths on sandstone plateaus","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) open forest on skeletal soils and earths on sandstone plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Wonorah, Yelvertoft; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood","1, 3, 4.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: Wet season - early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Not more than once every 30 years. ISSUES: Sensitive to high frequency intense fires. ","","","1","10","","Mid-dense","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.6","11006","Of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and 10-30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Associated vegetation includes open-forest of Corymbia ptychocarpa subsp. ptychocarpa, with Melaleuca viridiflora, M. leucadendra, Syzygium angophoroides, Acacia holosericea, Pandanus sp., Melastoma malabathricum, Boronia lanceolata, Pouteria sericea, Alphitonia sp. and Antidesma sp. Ground cover dominated by Pteris sp. Occurs on springs mostly associated with quartzose sandstone and fine-grained sedimentary rock (limestone).","Springs mostly associated with quartzose sandstone and fine-grained sedimentary rocks (limestone)","Springs mostly associated with quartzose sandstone and fine-grained sedimentary rocks (limestone)","Christian et al. (1954), Robinson; Drysdale et al. (1998); Fensham et al. (2004)","4, (2.2)","Boodjamulla (Lawn Hill) NP","Regionally significant refugia for remote plant populations and rare flora, including Fimbristylis blakei and Plectranthus sp. RJ Fensham 4616.","SEASON: Wet season. INTENSITY: Low. INTERVAL: When necessary to reduce build up of palm / pandanus debris in order to protect against wildfire. STRATEGY: Partial burns of each patch (only when absolutely necessary) to maximise fauna refugia. ISSUES: Does not tolerate frequent wildfires. Resilient to some burning, even occasional intense fires. ","Fire protection required. Impacted by stock trampling.","","1","10","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Mid-dense","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.7","11007","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia over Triodia spp. or annual grasses. Occasional Eucalyptus pruinosa or Corymbia capricornia on upper slopes and C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia and Melaleuca viridiflora on lower slopes. Sparse low shrubs include Acacia spp., Grevillea dryandri, Terminalia canescens and Petalostigma pubescens. T. canescens on creek lines. Occurs on rocky hills on pre-Cambrian sediments and interbedded acid volcanics; skeletal soils, shallow earthy sands.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and Corymbia grandifolia low open woodland on stony low hills and colluvium","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and Corymbia grandifolia low open woodland on stony low hills and colluvium","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Robinson, Redbank","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","","","1","10","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.10.8","11008","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Open-woodland of Eucalyptus pruinosa, with Melaleuca viridiflora and occasional Corymbia grandifolia subsp. grandifolia, C. confertiflora and Grevillea striata. Usually shrubby understorey. Ground cover of Triodia spp. and annual grasses. Occurs on slopes below pre-Cambrian sandstones; shallow yellow podzolics.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) open woodland on slopes adjoining sandstone plateaus","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) open woodland on slopes adjoining sandstone plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","Areas of scalding due to high total grazing pressure. This community poorly known.","","1","10","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Sandstone ranges" "1.3.9","10309","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Fringing woodland of Melaleuca leucadendra, Lophostemon grandiflorus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Livistona rigida. Corymbia aparrerinja and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii occur on sandier levees and Eucalyptus microtheca occurs on finer textured lower alluvial terraces on lower reaches. Shrub understorey of Acacia spp. Occurs on alluvial deposits along perennial watercourses; alluvial soils.","Perennial watercourses and associated alluvium","Perennial watercourses and associated alluvium","Christian et al. (1954), Thorntonia","2.","Lawn Hill NP.","Includes the only perennial watercourses in arid and semi-arid Queensland. Habitat for rare and threatened species including purple-crowned fairy-wren Malurus coronatus.","SEASON: Wet season. INTENSITY: Low. INTERVAL: When necessary to reduce build up of palm / pandanus debris in order to protect against wildfire. STRATEGY: This ecosystem requires partial burns of each patch only when absolutely necessary, thus maximising fauna refugia. ISSUES: None identified. ","Aquatic ecosystems poorly known but threatened by increasing human use. Other threatening processes include weed infestation and disturbance by feral pigs. Survey urgently required to verify condition.","","1","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "1.5.1","10501","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus miniata over Triodia spp. Occasional Corymbia terminalis, C. capricornia. Occurs on undulating plateau surfaces; lateritic red earths.","Woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata) woodland on red earths on laterised plateaus","Woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata) woodland on red earths on laterised plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Wonorah","3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","Northern part of subregion only. Ecosystem generally in good condition due to low total grazing pressure. Restricted type subject to increasing total grazing pressures and periodic wildfire. May be significant habitat for some species but more information required. More information on condition required.","","1","5","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.2","10502","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Variable woodland which may include Eucalyptus pruinosa, Corymbia ferruginea subsp. ferruginea, C. polycarpa, C. terminalis and C. capricornia. Prominent lower tree and shrub storey may include Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Petalostigma pubescens, Acacia holosericea, Carissa lanceolata, Ventilago viminalis, Hakea arborescens and Atalaya hemiglauca. Moderate ground cover of perennial and annual grasses. Occurs on small sand plains, usually adjacent to Jurassic-Cretaceous plateaus and Tertiary surfaces; sandy red loams.","Mixed eucalypt woodland on sandy plains","Mixed eucalypt woodland on sandy plains","","2.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: None identified. ","Mainly far north of subregion.","","1","5","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.3","10503","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low"," Eucalyptus leucophloia low open-woodland and woodland sometimes with shrubby understorey dominated by Acacia spp. Usually Triodia spp. dominated ground cover. Includes areas of Corymbia terminalis woodland. Occurs on undulating plateau surfaces with occasional low mesas; lateritic red earths, and small areas of shallow sandy loams and skeletal soils.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on red earths on plateaus","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on red earths on plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Wonorah, Yelvertoft; Neldner (1991), 31","1, 3.","Camooweal Caves NP.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","Minor in subregion 3. Changes in fire regime are leading to floristic changes.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.4","10504","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low open-woodland to low woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla and Corymbia terminalis, over annual grasses with areas of Triodia spp. Occasional Corymbia aparrerinja, Atalaya hemiglauca and Grevillea striata and small areas of Acacia cambagei and Eucalyptus leucophloia. Occurs on plains and valley bottoms; red earths, shallow loams, clays and skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.5.4a: Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis, scattered shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata and tussock grass ground layer. Occurs on older alluvial and residual soils with significant clay content. 1.5.4b: Triodia longiceps hummock grassland sometimes with emergent Corymbia terminalis. Occurs on small sand sheets and outwash areas in valley bottoms. 1.5.4x1: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus pruinosa often with Corymbia terminalis, E. leucophylla, Acacia cambagei or Grevillea striata and with a sparse mixed shrub layer and dense tussock grass ground layer dominated by Aristida spp. with Triodia spp. often present. Occurs on older alluvial and residual soils. 1.5.4x1a: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus pruinosa often with Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja, E. leucophylla, E. leucophloia, Acacia cambagei and Grevillea striata and with a sparse mixed shrub layer and a mid-dense ground layer dominated by Aristida spp. with some areas of Triodia spp. Occurs on sandsheet. 1.5.4x1b: Low open-woodland Eucalyptus pruinosa with or without Corymbia terminalis and with a sparse mixed shrub layer dominated by Acacia chisholmii and a sparse to very sparse ground layer dominated by Triodia longiceps. Occurs on sandsheet. 1.5.4x2: Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis with Eucalyptus leucophloia, Acacia cambagei, Atalaya hemiglauca and Grevillea striata with a sparse to very sparse shrub layer of Acacia chisholmii and Carissa lanceolata often with Eremophila mitchellii and a sparse to very sparse ground layer of Enneapogon spp. and Aristida spp. often with Triodia spp.. Can include substantial bare areas. Occurs on undulating plains of colluvial and outwash deposits. 1.5.4x3: Open tussock grassland of Aristida contorta, A. ingrata, A. inaequiglumis, Enneapogon spp., Eulalia aurea often with Triodia pungens wooded with low trees including Atalaya hemiglauca, Eucalyptus pruinosa, Lysiphyllum spp., Acacia cambagei, E. leucophylla and Corymbia aparrerinja. Includes substantial areas of bare ground. Occurs on gravelly red plains. 1.5.4x4: Eucalyptus leucophloia low open woodland often with Corymbia terminalis, Eucalyptus pruinosa or Acacia cambagei to low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer dominated by Triodia spp. and/or Eulalia aurea. Occurs on valley floors and flats amongst low metamorphic hills. 1.5.4x6: Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja and Ventilago viminalis with a scattered shrub layer and diverse ground layer. Occasional E-W linear dunes. Occurs on relictual sand dunes and associated aeolian sand plains.","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland on red earths in valleys","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland on red earths in valleys","Christian et al. (1954), Waverley; Neldner (1991), 15, 19; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala","3.","Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: 1.5.4, 1.5.4a, 1.5.4x1, 1.5.4x6: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. 1.5.4b: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: 1.5.4, 1.5.4a, 1.5.4X1, 1.5.4x6: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. 1.5.4b: Various. INTERVAL: 1.5.4, 1.5.4a, 1.5.4X1, 1.5.4x6: As per surrounding spinifex veg types. 1.5.4b: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: 1.5.4, 1.5.4a, 1.5.4x1, 1.5.4x6: Natural mosaic. 1.5.4b: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: 1.5.4, 1.5.4a: This RE is infested with buffel grass in parts. Appropriate steps to deal with buffel need to be considered. 1.5.4x1, 1.5.4x6: Do not actively target for burning. ","Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) is invading the ecosystem and changing its floristics and structure. More information required on current condition.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.5","10505","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus pruinosa low open-woodland with shrubby understorey dominated by Acacia spp. often with Ventilago viminalis, Corymbia aparrerinja, Grevillea striata and Atalaya hemiglauca. Moderate ground cover of annual and perennial grasses. Occurs in depressions in Tertiary plateaus and on shallow residual Tertiary surfaces overlying limestones; red-brown earths, non-calcic brown soils and shallow loams. Major vegetation communities include: 1.5.5b: Swampy low open woodland of Eucalyptus pruinosa with dense shrub layer dominated by Melaleuca viridiflora and Acacia spp. and ground layer dominated by Triodia bitextura. Occurs on areas of impeded drainage adjacent Tertiary plateau surfaces.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on red earth plains","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on red earth plains","Christian et al. (1954), Yelvertoft, Wonorah","1, 3.","Camooweal Caves NP.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: None identified. ","Mainly subregion 1. Periodic wildfires and high total grazing pressure are leading to changes in structure and floristics of the natural vegetation. More information required on condition. 1.5.5b: More information required on condition.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.6","10506","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Atalaya hemiglauca, Acacia excelsa, Ventilago viminalis, Grevillea striata, Hakea lorea subsp. lorea, Ehretia saligna, Owenia spp., Corymbia terminalis and C. aparrerinja. Shrubby understorey includes Acacia spp., Eremophila mitchellii and Carissa lanceolata. Occasional Acacia aneura in the west. Ground cover dominated by Aristida spp., sometimes forming grasslands. Occurs on outwash plains from ranges of strongly folded pre-Cambrian rocks, usually adjacent to clay plains; red earths and clays. Major vegetation communities include: 1.5.6a: Annual grasslands that are bare for most of the year and can be dominated by forbs. Occurs on older alluvium. 1.5.6b: Aristida spp. grassland with scattered emergent trees including Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata, Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. Occurs on older alluvium and outwash areas with significant clay content. 1.5.6x1: Variable low open-woodland which may include Acacia cambagei, Grevillea striata, Atalaya hemiglauca, Acacia excelsa subsp. angusta, Corymbia spp., Eucalyptus spp., Hakea spp. and Owenia spp. with a scattered shrub layer dominated by Carissa lanceolata and a mixed ground layer of tussock grasses often with Triodia pungens. Includes areas of grassland. Soils include sandy loams, red earths and light clays. Occurs on outwash plains from ranges of pre-Cambrian rocks, usually adjacent to clay plains. 1.5.6x2: Low woodland of Acacia cambagei with generally sparse ground layer of Triodia longiceps and/or tussock grasses. Bare patches are common. Occurs on older alluvial and residual soils.","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), vine tree (Ventilago viminalis), beefwood (Grevillea striata) low open woodland on red earth plains","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), vine tree (Ventilago viminalis), beefwood (Grevillea striata) low open woodland on red earth plains","Neldner (1991), 14, 40, 46; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala","1, 3.","No representation.","","SEASON: 1.5.6, 1.5.6b: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. 1.5.6x1, 1.5.6x2: Wet season - Early dry season. INTENSITY: 1.5.6, 1.5.6b: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. 1.5.6x1, 1.5.6x2: Various. INTERVAL: 1.5.6, 1.5.6b: As per surrounding spinifex veg types. 1.5.6x1, 1.5.6x2: >30 years. STRATEGY: 1.5.6, 1.5.6b: Natural mosaic ISSUES: 1.5.6: This RE has suffered from a lack of fire in the past and requires reintroduction of burning in conjunction with surrounding ecosystems. 1.5.6b: Do not actively target for burning. 1.5.6x1, 1.5.6x2: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). ","Prone to scalding. Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) invasion and high total grazing pressure are leading to changes in floristics and structure. More information required on condition.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.7","10507","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis and Acacia aneura. Associated species include Grevillea striata, Acacia excelsa, Corymbia aparrerinja, Owenia spp. and Hakea lorea subsp. lorea. Shrubby understorey. Sparse ground cover dominated by Triodia spp. ± other perennial and annual grasses. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary outwash sand plains, in places reworked by wind; deep loamy red earths. Major vegetation communities include: 1.5.7a: Low open-woodland of Acacia aneura, often groved and often including Eucalyptus leucophloia and/or Acacia cambagei as sub-dominant species with a variable shrub layer of Senna spp. and Acacia spp. and ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. Occurs on sand sheets. 1.5.7b: Low open-woodland of Corymbia capricornia, usually with C. aparrerinja and Eucalyptus odontocarpa with a ground layer of Triodia pungens and/or Aristida hygrometrica. Occurs on older alluvium around low metamorphic hills. 1.5.7x1: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca on shallow red soils over limestone. Occurs on shallow red soils overlying limestone. 1.5.7x2: Erythrina vespertilio and Corymbia aparrerinja low open-woodland. Occurs on sandy residual soils.","Bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) and/or mulga (Acacia aneura) low open woodland on sandy red earth plains","Bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) and/or mulga (Acacia aneura) low open woodland on sandy red earth plains","Christian et al. (1954), Bundella, Wonorah; Neldner (1991), 21, 24","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: 1.5.7, 1.5.7a: Wet season - early dry season, 1.5.7b: Storm season to early dry season. 1.5.7x1, 1.5.7x2: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: 1.5.7, 1.5.7a and b: Various. 1.5.7x1, 1.5.7x2: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: 1.5.7, 1.5.7a: >30 years. 1.5.7b: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.5.7x1, 1.5.7x2: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: 1.5.7b: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. 1.5.7x1, 1.5.7x2: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: 1.5.7, 1.5.7a: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). ","","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.8","10508","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Acacia cambagei, Atalaya hemiglauca and Ventilago viminalis. Sparse shrub layer and sparse ground cover of annual and perennial grasses. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary outwash plains; red-brown earths and red-brown solonetz. Major vegetation communities include: 1.5.8x1: Acacia georginae low open woodland. Occurs on flat plains with deep sandy red earths and sandy surfaced texture contrast soils.","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) and whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) low open woodland on red earth plains","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) and whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) low open woodland on red earth plains","Christian et al. (1954), Bundella, Moonah; Neldner (1991), 5, 7, 8, 26","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: Wet season - early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: >30 years. STRATEGY: None identified. ISSUES: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). ","Survey required to verify condition. Occurs as patches within RE1.5.7.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.5.9","10509","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low open-woodland of Ventilago viminalis, with a shrubby understorey and a ground cover of annual and perennial grasses. Occurs on the margins of sand plains adjacent to clays; variety of medium-textured soils.","Vine tree (Ventilago viminalis) low open woodland on loams on sand sheet margins","Vine tree (Ventilago viminalis) low open woodland on loams on sand sheet margins","Christian et al. (1954), Wonorah, Yelvertoft","1.","Camooweal Caves NP.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: None identified. ","Changed fire regime and high total grazing pressure are leading to changes in structure and floristics. This community poorly known.","","1","5","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Old loamy and sandy plains" "1.7.1","10701","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia and/or Corymbia aspera and/or E. normantonensis over Triodia spp. Areas of Acacia shirleyi low open-forest. Occurs on scarps and dissected areas of eroded Tertiary plateaus; skeletal soils formed largely on the exposed weathered zone. Major vegetation communities include: 1.7.1b: Scalds or sparse annual forblands or sparse annual tussock grasslands. Occurs on exposed kaolinite. 1.7.1c: Triodia pungens grassland on remnant lateritic surfaces. Occurs on remnant lateritic surfaces. 1.7.1d: Acacia spp. shrubland often dominated by Acacia chisholmii over a ground layer of Triodia spp. Occurs in scattered patches on eroded plateaux on skeletal soils formed largely on the exposed weathered zone. 1.7.1e: Low woodland of Acacia cambagei with generally sparse ground layer of Triodia longiceps and/or tussock grasses +/- bare patches. Occurs on the edge of eroding tertiary surfaces. 1.7.1f: Low open woodland to low woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia, scattered shrub layer of Acacia spp. and a sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens and/or tussock grasses +/- treeless areas. Occurs on small patches of deeper soils on the edge of eroding tertiary surfaces. 1.7.1g: Low open forest of Acacia shirleyi Occurs on the edge of eroding tertiary surfaces. 1.7.1h: Low woodland of Acacia shirleyi with a shrub layer of Acacia shirleyi with a sparse mixed ground layer on red soil plains. Occurs on the edge of eroding tertiary surfaces. 1.7.1i: Open mallee shrubland of Eucalyptus leucophylla with a ground layer of Triodia pungens. Occurs the edge of eroding tertiary surfaces. 1.7.1j: Low open woodland to low woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia over a ground layer of Triodia pungens +/- tussock grasses. On limestone around the edge of eroding Tertiary surfaces 1.7.1k: Low open woodland of Corymbia terminalis with a second tree layer of Ventilago viminalis and Atalaya hemiglauca and with a mixed ground layer dominated by Enneapogon polyphyllus and/or Aristida spp. +/- sink holes On limestone around the edge of eroding Tertiary surfaces 1.7.1x1: Low open-woodland of Acacia shirleyi. Occurs on laterite. 1.7.1x2: Low woodland of Acacia shirleyi with a shrub layer of Acacia shirleyi with a sparse mixed ground layer on red soil plains. Occurs on shallow soils overlying laterite. 1.7.1x3: Low open woodland of Corymbia capricornia +/- Eucalyptus leucophloia with mixed shrub layer and ground layer of Triodia pungens and Schizachyrium fragile Occurs on silcrete. 1.7.1x4: Low open woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia +/- Acacia spp. shrub layer and ground layer of Triodia pungens. Occurs on silcrete overlying limestone.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on skeletal soils on lateritic scarps and plateaus","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on skeletal soils on lateritic scarps and plateaus","Christian et al. (1954), Yelvertoft, Wonorah; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood; Neldner (1991), 30","1, 2, 3.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: 1.7.1, 1.7.1b and c: Storm season to early dry season. 1.7.1a: Wet season - early dry season. INTENSITY: 1.7.1, 1.7.1b: Various - low intensity where lancewood. 1.7.1a and c: Various. INTERVAL: 1.7.1, 1.7.1b and c: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.7.1a: Not more than once every 30 years. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. 1.7.1a: n/a. ISSUES: 1.7.1a: Sensitive to high frequency, intense fires. ","","","1","7","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Ironstone jump-ups" "1.7.2","10702","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Eucalyptus pruinosa low open-woodland with sparse lower tree and shrub layers. Moderate ground cover of perennial and annual grasses. Occurs on eroded Tertiary surfaces; calcareous red-brown earths. Major vegetation communities include: 1.7.2b: Lysiphyllum cunninghamii low open woodland +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa with scattered shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata and/or Acacia spp. And ground layer of tussock grasses. Occurs on eroded Tertiary surfaces; calcareous red-brown earths. 1.7.2x1: Low open woodland of Eucalyptus miniata and/or Corymbia capricornia +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa with a dense shrub layer of Acacia wickhamii and sparse mixed ground layer. Occurs on sand sheets overlying Tertiary surfaces.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on calcareous red/brown earths.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on calcareous red/brown earths on small alluvial fans","Christian et al. (1954), Yelvertoft","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: None identified. ","High total grazing pressure and spread of Cloncurry buffel grass (*Cenchrus pennisetiformis) are leading to changes in structure and floristics of native vegetation. More information required on condition. 1.7.2b: More information required on condition. 1.7.2x1: More information required on condition.","","1","7","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Ironstone jump-ups" "1.9.1","10901","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Astrebla pectinata grassland, with A. elymoides in depressions and annual grasses on stony rises. Occasional trees include Acacia spp. and Atalaya hemiglauca. Eucalyptus microtheca in depressions and along watercourses. Occurs on low hills and gently undulating to near-level plains on calcareous Cambrian sediments; grey or brown calcareous clays. Major vegetation communities include: 1.9.1a: Aristida latifolia and Enneapogon spp. with patches of Eulalia aurea and Bothriochloa ewartiana. Occurs on stony rises with shallower soils on limestone geologies. 1.9.1b: Astrebla pectinata grassland wooded with Acacia sutherlandii. Occurs on rises on downs. 1.9.1c: Low open woodland of Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Corymbia terminalis, Eucalyptus leucophylla and Ventilago viminalis with ground layer of mixed tussock grasses. Includes treeless areas. Occurs close to the edge of mitchell grass plains 1.9.1x1: Low woodland of Acacia cambagei on clays, usually with Astrebla spp. ground layer. Occurs on self mulching clays. 1.9.1x2: Low open-woodland of Corymbia terminalis +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa with a second tree layer of Ventilago viminalis and Atalaya hemiglauca and with a mixed ground layer dominated by Enneapogon polyphyllus and/or Aristida spp. Occurs on stony rises with shallower soils on limestone geologies. 1.9.1x3: Tall shrubland of Eucalyptus normantonensis with a dense hummock grass ground layer of Triodia longiceps. Occurs on lithosols in stony hills. 1.9.1x4: Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii shrubland often with Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, Acacia georginae, Acacia spp., Atalaya hemiglauca and Eremophila spp. Occurs on stony limestone rises.","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on shallow clays on limestone's","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on shallow clays on limestones","Christian et al. (1954), Thorntonia, Wonardo; Neldner (1991), 44","1, 2.","Camooweal Caves NP, Lawn Hill NP.","Includes caves and sinkholes that host significant breeding colonies of the ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) and the orange horseshoe bat (Rhinonicteris aurantius).","SEASON: 1.9.1, 1.9.1a and b: Storm burns - link fire with rain - when sufficient fuel. 1.9.1x1: Wet season - early dry season. 1.9.1x2: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. 1.9.1x3: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: 1.9.1, 1.9.1a and b: Occasional. 1.9.1x1, 1.9.1x3: Various. 1.9.1x2: n/a, tussock grass will not burn as intensely as spinifex. INTERVAL: 1.9.1, 1.9.1a and b: > 3 years. 1.9.1x1: >30 years. 1.9.1x2: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. 1.9.1x3: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: 1.9.1, 1.9.1a and b: Small patch burns, natural mosaic, <30%. 1.9.1x2: Natural mosaic. 1.9.1x3: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: 1.9.1, 1.9.1a and b: Encroachment of woody-stemmed plants (Acacia/Atalaya) through over-grazing and lack of burning. 1.9.1x1: Needs fire for recruitment (but make sure long intervals). 1.9.1x2: Burning this RE could be difficult due to heavy grazing of Aristida sp. and this species tendency not to carry fire well. ","Outlier of Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion. Survey required to verify condition.","","1","9","","Grassland","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.2","10902","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Mixed shrubby woodland dominated by Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Brachychiton spp. with Corymbia terminalis on lower slopes. Well developed understorey of Triodia spp. Occurs on stony hills on Tertiary limestones; skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.9.2a: Low open woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla over a ground layer of tussock grasses. Occurs on stony hills on Tertiary limestones; skeletal soils.","Mixed shrubby woodland on low rocky hills on Tertiary limestone's","Mixed shrubby woodland on low rocky hills on Tertiary limestones","","2, 3.","Lawn Hill NP.","Internationally significant fossil deposits spanning a period otherwise poorly represented in the Australian fossil record. 1.9.2a: Internationally significant fossil deposits spanning a period otherwise poorly represented in the Australian fossil record.","STRATEGY: n/a. ISSUES: Do not target for fire exclusion or prescribed burns. ","Small outliers occur adjacent to the Gregory River where it traverses the Mount Isa Inlier subregion.","","1","9","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.3","10903","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla with Triodia spp. understorey. Occurs on low hillocks formed on Mesozoic claystones; skeletal soils.","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland on hillocks on Mesozoic claystones","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland on hillocks on Mesozoic claystones","","2.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 6 - 12 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: Subtly different to 11a vegetation types as spinifex builds up less rapidly in these limestone communities than in sandstone communities. Fire interval needs to be based on the slower fuel (spinifex) accumulation but still need same mosaic approach as 11a. Scattered vine thicket communities occur within this RE and thus this RE may be used as a buffer for the vine thickets. ","This community poorly known.","","1","9","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.4","10904","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Mixed shrubby woodland dominated by Terminalia spp., Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Cochlospermum fraseri. Occurs on rocky rounded hills on limestones; skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.9.4a: Sink holes with low open forest of Celtis paniculata and T2 layer of Ficus spp. Occurs around sinkholes in Cambrian limestone","Mixed shrubby woodland on rocky limestone hills","Mixed shrubby woodland on rocky limestone hills","Christian et al. (1954), Thorntonia, Redbank, Mount Isa","2, 4.","Lawn Hill NP.","","ISSUES: Do not target for fire exclusion or prescribed burns. ","","","1","9","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.5","10905","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low woodlands and low open-woodlands of Eucalyptus leucophylla with occasional E. pruinosa and Corymbia terminalis, or E. tectifica in the north. Variable low shrubby understorey, dominated by Acacia hilliana and Cassia spp. Understorey dominated by Triodia spp. and annual grasses. Occurs on low hills on limestones and calcareous shales; calcareous desert soils, some calcareous red-brown earths and skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.9.5a: Low open woodland of Corymbia terminalis and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii +/- Senna spp. shrub layer and mixed ground layer dominated by tussock grasses. Includes treeless areas. Occurs on skeletal soils on low stepped hills on Cambrian limestones. 1.9.5b: Open mallee shrubland of Eucalyptus leucophylla with a ground layer of Triodia pungens. Occurs on shallow soils overlying limestone. 1.9.5c: Hummock grassland of Triodia pungens +/- tussock grasses +/- emergent Corymbia terminalis and Eucalyptus leucophylla. Occurs on shallow soils overlying limestone.","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland-woodland on low hills on limestone's and calcareous shale's","Cloncurry box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) low open woodland-woodland on low hills on limestones and calcareous shales","Christian et al. (1954), Thorntonia, Redbank","2, 4.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 6 - 12 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: Subtly different to 11a veg types as spinifex builds up less rapidly in these limestone communities than in sandstone communities. Fire interval needs to be based on the slower fuel (spinifex) accumulation but still need same mosaic approach as 11a. Scattered vine thicket communities occur within this RE and thus this RE may be used as a buffer for the vine thickets. ","Mainly subregion 2.","","1","9","","Sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.6","10906","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low woodlands and open-woodlands of Eucalyptus leucophloia ± Corymbia terminalis over a Triodia spp. understorey. Eucalyptus leucophylla may be present on more gently sloping areas and E. pruinosa, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii or Corymbia aparrerinja on colluvial areas. Occasional shrubs and low trees include Terminalia canescens, Petalostigma pubescens and Atalaya hemiglauca. Corymbia terminalis may be dominant on chert ridges. Occurs on hills on Cambrian limestones and dolomites; shallow loams, calcareous red-brown earths and skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 1.9.6a: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia, often with E. odontocarpa. Occurs on lithosols in stony hills. 1.9.6b: Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus pruinosa and/or Atalaya hemiglauca. Ventilago viminalis, Corymbia spp. and Acacia cambagei are often present. Occurs on gently undulating landscapes with light clay soils.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) low open woodland on limestone hills","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) and bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) low open woodland on limestone hills","Christian et al. (1954), Thorntonia","2.","Lawn Hill NP.","","SEASON: 1.9.6 and 1.9.6a: Storm season to early dry season. 1.9.6b: Early dry season to ensure patchy fire. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1.9.6 and 1.9.6a: 6 - 12 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. 1.9.6b: As per surrounding spinifex vegetation types. STRATEGY: 1.9.6 and 1.9.6a: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. 1.9.6b: Natural mosaic. ISSUES: 1.9.6 and 1.9.6a: Scattered vine thicket communities occur within this RE and thus this RE may be used as a buffer for the vine thickets. Fire intervals should be longer than those of the 11a communities. ","","","1","9","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.7","10907","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus pruinosa low open-woodland. Sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. over ground cover of Triodia spp. Occurs on hills on pre-Cambrian shales; skeletal soils, some shallow loams.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on shale hills","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low open woodland on shale hills","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa, Redbank","4.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR.","","SEASON: Storm season to early dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 4 - 10 years. Ensure some areas are long (10-20 years) unburnt. STRATEGY: Large, landscape scale burns. Ensure some patches are burnt every year but also ensure some patches remain long unburnt. Maintain burnt areas < 30%. ISSUES: None identified. ","","","1","9","","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "1.9.8","10908","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Spring wetlands. Occurs on undeformed fine-grained sedimentary rock (limestone).","Spring wetlands on undeformed fine-grained sedimentary rock (limestone)","Not in Vegetation Management Regulation 2000","Drysdale et al. (1998); Fensham et al. (2004)","2","Boodjamulla (Lawn Hill) NP","Potentially significant refugia for remote plant populations and rare flora.","","Some springs impacted by stock disturbance. The biological values are poorly known.","","1","9","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Northwest Highlands","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.5.5","20505","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Open-woodland of Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia polycarpa ± E. miniata ± E. microneura. Associated trees may include Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Parinari nonda and Syzygium eucalyptoides. The sparse to moderate lower tree storey includes Acacia leptocarpa, Alphitonia excelsa, Pandanus sp., Melaleuca spp., Hakea sp., Persoonia falcata and Grevillea sp. The grass layer includes Schizachyrium sp., Chrysopogon fallax, Thaumastochloa sp., Aristida sp., Eriachne sp., Alloteropsis sp., Themeda australis and Heteropogon contortus. Occurs on gently undulating plains and old levees on Quaternary and Tertiary terrestrial deposits; leached grey and brown massive earths and uniform deep, structured brown sands. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.5x11: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) and Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) (or Corymbia curtipes) woodland. Occurs on old levees on the Mitchell River floodplain. 2.5.5x11a: Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (13-25m tall). Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is a frequent subdominant tree. Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is present but at lower stem densities. The sparse sub canopy (6-15m tall) is dominated by Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Melaleuca nervosa (a paperbark). A number of other species are frequently present. The sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is composed of a variety of species which includes Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Indigofera pratensis (forest indigo) and Melaleuca nervosa. The ground layer is mid-dense to dense. Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Themeda arguens and Panicum sp. (native panic) are the dominant grasses. 2.5.5x11b: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (13-20m tall). Corymbia curtipes (a bloodwood), C. confertiflora (cabbage gum), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) may be present as subdominant canopy trees. The sub canopy tree layer (4-12m) varies from very sparse to sparse. Terminalia spp., Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Melaleuca nervosa (paperbark), Corymbia polycarpa and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bean tree) are the most commonly encountered species. The very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-4m tall) is dominated by a variety of species depending on the location. Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Panicum sp. (panic) Themeda arguens, Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Arundinella setosa (reed grass) are the most frequent species in the sparse to mid-dense ground layer. 2.5.5x12: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) woodland. Occurs on plains on outwash deposits. 2.5.5x13: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland with shrubby understorey. Occurs on sandplains and old ridges and levees. 2.5.5x14a: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) woodland with Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) understorey. Occurs on plains older alluvial fan and overbank deposits. 2.5.5x14b: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) low woodland with emergent Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood). Occurs on plains on older alluvial fan and overbank deposits.","Darwin stringy bark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) open woodland on pale earths and sands on plains","Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) open woodland on pale earths and sands on plains","Galloway et al. (1970), Leinster, Dunbar, Radnor, Cumbulla, Mottle, Annaly, Brixton; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 63, 67, 88, 92; Perry et al. (1964), Hampstead, Esmeralda, Dandry, Strathmore","4, 6, 9.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP, Staaten River NP.","","","Unusual occurrences near junction of Walsh and Mitchell Rivers. Eucalyptus tetrodonta subject to timber harvesting.","","2","5","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.6","20506","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia spp. and Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodlands and open-forests, sometimes with E. cullenii or E. miniata. Occurs on Tertiary plains; red and yellow sands or earths; Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.6b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) +/- Corymbia sp. +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland with a sparse shrub layer including Petalostigma banksii (quinine), juvenile Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Bossiaea armitii. The sparse ground layer is dominated by Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass) +/- Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) +/- Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on eroded side slopes of shallow depressions on undulating weathered sandstone plateau top. 2.5.6x1: Terminalia platyptera (yellow wood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood), Lysiphyllum sp, Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) or Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) woodland. The sparse to mid-dense shrub layer includes Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry), Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit), Terminalia aridicola (arid peach), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) and Lysiphyllum sp. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) occurs in the southern end of this community. Occurs on gently undulating plains. 2.5.6x10a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) and/or Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) and/or Eucalyptus sp. (Stannary Hills G.W. Althofer 402) (narrow-leaved ironbark) +/- Corymbia spp. +/- Eucalyptus spp. +/- Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) woodland with a variable shrub layer of Acacia spp. and Petalostigma banksii (quinine). Occurs on sands and sandy earths on undulating plateau tops and sand sheets. 2.5.6x10b: Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) woodland to open forest +/- Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Acacia shirleyi (lancewood), Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle). The mid layer is generally absent with the sub dominant canopy species sometimes occurring in the mid layer. Ground layer is a sparse grassland dominated by Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass). The subdominant species can become co-dominant depending on soil depth and characteristics. Occurs on the undulating tops of sandstone hills. 2.5.6x10c: Eucalyptus similis (Queensland yellowjacket) +/- Corymbia brachycarpa +/- Eucalyptus sp. (Stannary Hills G.W.Althofer 402) (narrow-leaved ironbark) +/- Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) +/- Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood) woodland. The shrub layer is absent to sparse and includes Grevillea parallela (silver oak) and Callitris intratropica (cypress). The mid-dense ground layer includes Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass), Cymbopogon bombycinus (silky oil grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Aristida calycina (dark wire grass), Aristida jerichoensis and Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on gently undulating plains on plateaus. 2.5.6x10d: Callitris intratropica (cypress) woodland +/- emergent Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) and Eucalyptus exilipes (narrow-leaved ironbark) with a mid-dense shrub layer. Occurs on gently sloping Tertiary sandplains and the undulating tops of plateaus. 2.5.6x10e: Eucalyptus sp. (Stannary Hills G.W. Althofer 402) (narrow-leaved ironbark) and/or Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood) and/or Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) +/- Eucalyptus spp. +/- Corymbia spp. open woodland to open forest. The variable shrub layer includes Petalostigma spp. (quinine), Acacia spp. Grevillea spp. and Gastrolobium grandiflorum (heartleaf poison) and the ground layer includes Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on gently undulating sandplain on plateaus. 2.5.6x10f: Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland . The sparse shrub layer includes Petalostigma banksii (quinine), Acacia julifera subsp. julifera and Alphitonia excelsa. The ground layer is dominated by Aristida sp. (wire grass), Arundinella sp. and Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass). Occurs on sandplains on sandstone plateaus.","Darwin stringy bark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia spp.) woodland to open forest on plains on red and yellow earths","Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia spp.) woodland to open forest on plains on red and yellow earths","Galloway et al. (1970), Balurga, Koolburra, Annaly, Maple; Perry et al. (1964), Abingdon, Esmeralda, Hampstead","6, 9.","Bulleringa NP, Staaten River NP.","","","Unusual occurrences near junction of Walsh and Mitchell Rivers. Subject to timber harvesting.","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.7","20507","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia pocillum with a lower tree storey of Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Planchonia careya and Petalostigma banksii. Grassy understorey dominated by Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax or sometimes by Triodia pungens. Occurs on plateau surfaces on Tertiary sandstones; red and yellow earths.","Darwin stringy bark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia pocillum) woodland on earths on low tablelands","Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and bloodwood (Corymbia pocillum) woodland on earths on low tablelands","Perry et al. (1964), Normanton, Punchbowl","8.","No representation.","","SEASON: Dry season. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffering unnecessary as vegetation community fire tolerant. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. ","","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.8","20508","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Open-forest of Eucalyptus tetrodonta. Low tree layer includes Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Planchonia careya, Petalostigma banksii, Acacia spp., Melaleuca spp., Grevillea spp., Gardenia spp. and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii. Occurs on nearly flat Tertiary and Quaternary plains; lateritic podzolics and deep sandy yellow podzolics.","Darwin stringy bark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) open forest on plains on deep podsolic soils","Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) open forest on plains on deep podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Keighran, Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","","","This ecosystem poorly known and species require field verification.","","2","5","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.9","20509","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus microneura with a grassy understorey of Aristida spp. Sparse lower tree storey. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.9a: Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) +/- Terminalia spp. +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Corymbia spp. +/- Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) woodland +/- a subcanopy tree layer of Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood). The mid-dense shrub layer includes Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree), Melaleuca nervosa, Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Acacia spp. and the ground layer is dominated by Aristida spp. (wire grass). Occurs on plains and plateaus with earths, podsolics and skeletal soils. 2.5.9x50: Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) and/or Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) +/- Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Terminalia spp. +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) low open woodland to woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Grevillea spp., Petalostigma banksii (quinine), juvenile trees, Acacia spp. and Melaleuca spp.. Brachychiton paradoxus occurs occasionally throughout. The ground layer is dominated by Aristida spp. (wire grass). Occurs on gently undulating sandplains. 2.5.9x51: Acacia torulosa and Acacia julifera subsp. gilbertensis shrubland +/- emergent Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) or Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box). Can occur as Eucalyptus microneura and/or Corymbia setosa woodland with Acacia spp. shrub layer. Other emergents may include C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia, Brachychiton paradoxus, Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood). The shrub layer includes Petalostigma banksii (quinine). The sparse to mid-dense ground layer includes Aristida hygrometrica, other Aristida spp, and rarely Triodia spp. (spinifex). Occurs on pale sandy soils on rises on gently undulating sandplain.","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland on plains and plateaus on earths, podsolics and skeletal soils","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland on plains and plateaus on earths, podsolics and skeletal soils","Perry et al. (1964), Bylong, Strathmore, Abingdon, Dandry","5, 6, 9.","No representation.","","","Stawelton, Esmeralda, Carron River, Glenora, Strathpark, Saxby Downs","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.7.1","20701","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Acacia shirleyi low open-forest and Melaleuca tamariscina shrubland. Occurs on breakaways and adjacent footslopes on silicified or laterised Tertiary and Cretaceous mudstones; rock outcrop and skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.7.1x1: Acacia shirleyi (lancewood), Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland. Occurs on low ferruginised and weathered rises and hills. 2.7.1x2: Acacia meiosperma tall open shrubland with very sparse ground layer of scattered tussock grasses, often bare. Occurs on edges of low breakaways. 2.7.1x2b: Shrubland of Micromyrtus forsteri and/or Calytrix spp. +/- emergents of Acacia shirleyi, Corymbia serendipita, A. meiosperma on highly mottled hills. Often includes areas of bare rock. Usually flat, very open areas on fine-grained indurated clayey quartzose sandstone. 2.7.1x3a: Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) low open woodland and/or patches of shrubs on low breakaways. Frequently bare with patches of forbs and grasses in micro depressions. Occurs on low breakaways on exposed edges of alluvial terraces and mudstones. 2.7.1x3b: Melaleuca foliolosa (paperbark teatree) low open woodland and/or patches of shrubs on low breakaways. Frequently bare with patches of forbs and grasses in micro depressions. Occurs on ferruginised and weathered rocky low rises.","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) low open forest or Melaleuca tamariscina shrubland on laterised mudstones on skeletal soils","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) low open forest or Melaleuca tamariscina shrubland on laterised mudstones on skeletal soils","Galloway et al. (1970), Annaly","6.","No representation.","","SEASON: See issues. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: >5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Patch burning reduces spread of wildfires, and ensures a variety of ages. Widespread and frequent fires may reduce the extent of this vegetation type. Avoid fires at the hottest time of the year, when extent of fires cannot be controlled. Mild fires will be useful in reducing fuel loads and fire spread in later fires. Moderate fires may assist in regeneration of hard-seeded spp. ","Information on condition required. 2.7.1x2b: Information on condition required.","","2","7","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Ironstone jump-ups" "2.7.2","20702","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Variety of communities of restricted extent, including Eucalyptus microneura woodland with Aristida spp. or Triodia spp. Small areas of Acacia shirleyi or Eucalyptus shirleyi woodlands and Triodia pungens grassland. In the far south Corymbia setosa subsp. pedicellaris or Melaleuca acacioides woodlands. Occurs on scarps and sloping edges of Tertiary plateaus; skeletal sand over mottled zone of eroded lateritic profile; Major vegetation communities include: 2.7.2a: Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) +/- Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood) +/- Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) +/- Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) woodland to open forest. The mid layer varies from isolated plants of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) to a sparse shrub layer of Petalostigma banksii (quinine). The tussock grass ground layer dominated by Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass). Occurs on laterised rocky sandstone outcrops or duricrust on footslopes with skeletal soils. 2.7.2b: Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood), Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt), Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood) low open woodland to isolated trees. The mid layer is isolated plants of juvenile trees and Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle). The ground layer is dominated by Triodia sp. (spinifex). Occurs on the margins of sandstone scarps. 2.7.2c: Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) woodland to open woodland with Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) scattered throughout, occasionally forming patches. Occurs on laterised remnant sheets on hilltops overlying metamorphic or volcanic geologies. 2.7.2x1: Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland with scattered shrubs and a tussock grass ground layer. Occurs on silicified low conglomerate hills. 2.7.2x2: Corymbia hylandii (Hyland's bloodwood), Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen's ironbark) and Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) and Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on ferruginised and weathered rocky rises.","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus shirleyi), rough-leaved bloodwood (Corymbia setosa subsp. pedicellaris) or paperbark (Melaleuca acacioides) woodland on low scarps on skeletal soils","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi), silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus shirleyi), rough-leaved bloodwood (Corymbia setosa subsp. pedicellaris) or paperbark (Melaleuca acacioides) woodland on low scarps on skeletal soils","Perry et al. (1964), Dandry, Strathmore (north), Abingdon","5, 6.","No representation.","","","Variable ecosystem requiring further analysis.","","2","7","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Ironstone jump-ups" "2.7.3","20703","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Triodia pungens grassland, usually with scattered Eucalyptus leucophloia and/or E. pruinosa. Other occasional trees include Eucalyptus leucophylla, Corymbia setosa subsp. setosa and Terminalia canescens. Shrub understorey of Acacia spp. Small areas of Eucalyptus tetrodonta in north. Occurs on Tertiary plateau surfaces and margins; skeletal soils on siliceous or ferruginous duricrust, and shallow earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.7.3b: Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum) low open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. and a sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on eroded Tertiary plateaus. 2.7.3c: Corymbia setosa subsp. setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on eroded Tertiary plateaus. 2.7.3d: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on eroded Tertiary plateaus. 2.7.3e: Corymbia bella (ghost gum) +/- Cochlospermum gregorii (kapok tree) +/- Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) open woodland with a sparse to very sparse ground layer including Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) and Eriachne glauca (pan wanderrie grass). Occurs in valleys and flats amongst gently undulating low rises. 2.7.3f: Corymbia bella (ghost gum) +/- Corymbia spp. +/- Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum) low open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. and a sparse ground layer of Tridoia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on undulating plains. 2.7.3g: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) and Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense shrub layer dominated by Acacia spp. (wattles) and a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex), Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Eulalia aurea (browntop). Occurs on eroded Tertiary plateaus. 2.7.3i: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Terminalia canescens (winged nut tree) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Corymbia spp. (bloodwoods) low open woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and Acacia spp. and a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on plains and rocky undulating low Tertiary remnants. 2.7.3x1: Open woodland of Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) or Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), often with Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), with a shrubby understorey of Petalostigma banksii (quinine). The very sparse to sparse ground layer is dominated by Schizachyrium fragile (wire grass). Occurs on gently undulating terrain on plateaus with ironstone.","Spinifex (Triodia spp.) grassland on plateaus on skeletal soils and shallow earths","Spinifex (Triodia spp.) grassland on plateaus on skeletal soils and shallow earths","Perry et al. (1964), Cowan, Punchbowl, Donors, Korong, Manrika, Normanton","8.","No representation.","","","","","2","7","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Ironstone jump-ups" "2.1.1","20101","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Mostly unvegetated, but including areas of sea grass communities. Occurs on offshore tidal flats; sands and muds.","Offshore tidal sands and mud flats, including sea grass beds","Offshore tidal sands and mud flats, including sea grass beds","","1, 10.","No representation.","Of national significance for waders and dugongs.","","Threatening processes include damage from trawling and illegal netting.","","2","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Tidal flats and beaches" "2.1.2","20102","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low shrublands and woodlands dominated by Avicennia sp. Occurs on low coastal rises formed by wind and wave action and subject to tidal inundation; mainly saline mud's, possibly with accumulating shell materials and sands.","Tidal low coastal rises of shells, sand or mud, and associated gutters, usually with mangroves","Tidal low coastal rises of shells, sand or mud, and associated gutters, usually with mangroves","Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 34","1, 10.","No representation.","Nationally significant wader habitat -- birds retreat to these during high tides.","","","","2","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Gulf Plains ","Tidal flats and beaches" "2.1.3","20103","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Mangrove communities including Avicennia sp., Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Aegialitis annulata, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus sp., Bruguiera exaristata and Aegiceras corniculatum. Occurs on margins and levees of channels subject to tidal inundation; saline muds. Major vegetation communities include: 2.1.3b: Ceriops tagal (yellow mangrove) frequently forms almost pure stands. The canopy is even and dense (3-16m tall). The dark buttressed trunks of this species are a distinctive feature of this unit. The smooth light-coloured trunks of Avicennia marina (grey mangrove), when present, stand out in contrast. This species may occur as emergent trees (5-11m tall) or may form part of the canopy. A sparse shrub layer (0.3-5m tall) is often present and generally dominated by Ceriops tagal. Vascular plants are generally absent from the ground layer. Occurs on intertidal areas 2.1.3c: Multi-stemmed Excoecaria agallocha trees usually dominate the mid-dense to dense canopy (8-15m tall). Lumnitzera racemosa may dominate at some localities, while Avicennia marina is a frequent subdominant canopy tree. Aegiceras corniculatum dominates the variable shrub layer which ranges in height from 0.2 to 6 metres tall, and in PFC from 1 to 75%. The ground is usually covered with bare mud and a sparse covering of leaf litter. Occurs on the extreme landward end of channels","Tidal channels and associated levees, usually with mangroves","Tidal channels and associated levees, usually with mangroves","Christian et al. (1954), Littoral; Galloway et al. (1970), Battersea, Inkerman; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 132, 160; Perry et al. (1964), Carpentaria","1, 10.","No representation.","Seasonally important for water bird breeding, feeding and roosting (rookeries in some localities).","","Threatening processes include illegal netting.","","2","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Gulf Plains ","Tidal flats and beaches" "2.1.4","20104","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Predominantly unvegetated but includes areas of Halosarcia spp., Sarcocornia spp. and Suaeda sp. on slightly higher areas. Occurs on saline clay plains; periodically inundated; solonchaks.","Infrequently inundated clay plains and low samphire rises","Infrequently inundated clay plains and low samphire rises","Christian et al. (1954), Littoral; Galloway et al. (1970), Battersea, Inkerman; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 194; Perry et al. (1964), Carpentaria","1, 10.","No representation.","Most extensive marine plains in Australia. Significant wader habitat.","","","","2","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Tidal flats and beaches" "2.10.1","21001","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland dominated by Eucalyptus microneura. Grassy understorey includes Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax. Occurs on undulating plains on deep weathered Mesozoic sandstones; deep sand, some yellow earths; Major vegetation communities include: 2.10.1a: Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) and rarely Corymbia leichhardtii (yellowjacket), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) or Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood) 12-15m open woodland +/- Eucalyptus sp. (Stannary Hills G.W. Althofer 402) (narrow leaved ironbark) and mid dense shrub layer of Grevillea glauca (bushman's clothes pegs), Grevillea parallela (silver oak), Bursaria incana or Acacia julifera and rarely Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grasstree) or Acacia shirleyi (lancewood). Occurs on sandstone plateaus and low hills.","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland on plains on deeply weathered sandstones, on sands and earths","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland on plains on deeply weathered sandstones, on sands and earths","Perry et al. (1964), Strathpark, Esmeralda, Strathmore, Hampstead","9.","No representation.","","","","","2","10","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.2","21002","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland or open-forests usually including some combination of Corymbia gilbertensis, C. pocillum, C. arnhemensis subsp. monticola, Eucalyptus crebra, E. miniata, E. shirleyi, E. similis, E. cullenii and E. tetrodonta. Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps on Jurassic and Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates; shallow sandy or rocky soils and rock outcrop, some earths and podzolics; Major vegetation communities include: 2.10.2a: Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) +/- Acacia spp. woodland to open forest or Acacia orthocarpa open shrubland with a sparse ground layer of grasses including Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow soils. 2.10.2b: Eucalyptus similis (Queensland yellowjacket), Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt), Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood) open forest with a scattered subcanopy tree layer of Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood). The mid layer is scattered shrubs of Alphitonia sp and Gardenia sp. The sparse ground layer is dominated by tussock grasses. Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow soils. 2.10.2c: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) +/- Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) +/- Corymbia spp. woodland with a sparse shrub layer including Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Acacia spp., Petalostigma spp. (quinine), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) and Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit). The very sparse to sparse ground layer includes Aristida spp. (wire grass), Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass) and Triodia spp. (spinifex). Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow soils. 2.10.2d: Corymbia stockeri (blotchy bloodwood) or Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen's ironbark) +/- Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) woodland. The sparse to mid-dense shrub layer includes Jacksonia sp., Grevillea spp., Alphitonia obtusifolia, Acacia spp. and Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig). The mid-dense ground layer includes Mnesithea rottboellioides, Arundinella setosa, Lomandra multiflora and Triodia microstachya. Livistona muelleri (cabbage palm) can occur in wetter gullies. Occurs on slopes of plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow rocky soils. 2.10.2x1: Scattered shrubs or mallees, sometimes clumped, including Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle), Acacia shirleyi (lancewood), Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood) and Eucalyptus chartaboma (woollybutt) with a bare rocky ground layer. Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow soils. 2.10.2x11: Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood), Acacia julifera +/- Corymbia hylandii (Hyland's bloodwood) woodland. Occurs on sandstone hills. 2.10.2x2: Low open-woodland to low closed forest of semi-evergreen vine thicket species. Occurs on plateaus, mesas and scarps with shallow soils.","Mixed eucalypt woodland on plateaus, mesas and scarps on shallow soils","Mixed eucalypt woodland on plateaus, mesas and scarps on shallow soils","Galloway et al. (1970), Starcke; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood, Boorooman, Ortona, Hampstead","6, 9.","Bulleringa NP.","","","Some areas subject to timber harvesting. Widespread and diverse ecosystem requiring further analysis.","","2","10","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.3","21003","Not of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Open-forest of Eucalyptus spp. (ironbarks), Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia spp. ± E. acmenoides ± Angophora leiocarpa with scattered low trees and a well developed grassy understorey. Occurs on high altitude sandstone plateaus; red and yellow earths, some sandy soils on plateau margins.","Ironbark (Eucalyptus spp.), lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora) and white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) open forest on high plateaus on earths and sands","Ironbark (Eucalyptus spp.), lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora) and white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) open forest on high plateaus on earths and sands","","9.","No representation.","Bioclimatic isolate containing isolated and unusual occurrences of a number of flora and fauna species e.g. greater glider Petauroides volens.","SEASON: Progressive early to mid-dry season, followed by storm time. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffering unnecessary as vegetation community fire tolerant. Begin burning early in the fire season, with progressive patch fires burnt through the year. Stop burning when a network of fires and other breaks is sufficient t ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Subject to widespread timber harvesting. Survey urgently required to verify status and to identify areas significant for fauna.","","2","10","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.4","21004","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low woodland of Eucalyptus microneura with bare ground and patches of Triodia pungens. Occurs on scarps and valley sides on Mesozoic sandstones; skeletal sands and shallow clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.10.4b: Grassland of Triodia spp. +/- emergents of Eucalyptus melanophloia, Melaleuca citrolens; or occasionally open woodland of E. melanophloia and/or M. citrolens with Triodia spp. understorey. On broken rocky slopes in dissected sandstone. Slopes or crests of sandstone ranges 2.10.4x1: Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) low woodland to tall shrubland +/- emergent Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood). Occurs in patches with Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) open woodland. The sparse mid layer includes Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit) and juvenile Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) and the sparse ground layer is dominated by Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass) Occurs on rocky sandstone outcrops and low hills. 2.10.4x2: Eucalyptus provecta low woodland with a shrubby mid layer of Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit). The ground layer is dominated by Triodia sp. (spinifex) Occurs on stony rises with skeletal soils.","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland and spinifex (Triodia pungens) hummock grassland on scarps and stony ledges","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland and spinifex (Triodia pungens) hummock grassland on scarps and stony ledges","Perry et al. (1964), Ortona, Strathpark, Hampstead, Torwood","5, 6, 9.","Bulleringa NP.","","","Found on Blackdown & Bulimba Stns, Bulleringa NP, Survey required to verify condition.","","2","10","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.5","21005","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland of Acacia shirleyi over bare ground, annuals and Triodia pungens. Occurs on plateau surfaces and margins on Mesozoic sandstones; skeletal soils and rock outcrop. Major vegetation communities include: 2.10.5a: Acacia shirleyi (lancewood), Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) woodland +/- shrub layer of Petalostigma banksii (quinine), Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit) and Terminalia spp. or Triodia sp. (spinifex) hummock grassland. Occurs on sandstone plateaus, scarps and steps. 2.10.5x1: Acacia julifera subsp julifera &/or Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) or Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) +/- Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) +/- Corymbia spp. tall shrubland to open forest The variable mid layer comprises isolated plants or clumps of species including Petalostigma banksii (quinine), Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) or Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) and the sparse ground layer is dominated by Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass) Occurs on scarps and small plateaus. 2.10.5x2: Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) or Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) +/- Callitris intratropica (cypress) +/- Eucalyptus provecta +/- Corymbia serendipita (Newcastle Range bloodwood) +/- Corymbia spp. +/- Eucalyptus spp. woodland to open woodland. The very sparse to mid-dense shrub layer can include Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle), Acacia shirleyi (lancewood), Labichea spp., Grevillea spp. and Jacksonia ramosissima (angled broom brush). The ground layer varies from bare to sparse and includes Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Cleistochloa subjuncea and is frequently rocky. Occurs on sandstone scarps and plateaus with shallow soils.","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) woodland and spinifex (Triodia pungens) hummock grassland on scarps and stony ledges","Lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) woodland and spinifex (Triodia pungens) hummock grassland on scarps and stony ledges","Galloway et al. (1970), Starcke; Perry et al. (1964), Torwood, Ortona, Strathpark, Boorooman, Hampstead","6, 9.","Bulleringa NP, outlier in Porcupine Gorge NP (Einasleigh Uplands bioregion).","","","","","2","10","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.6","21006","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low woodlands and low open-woodlands of Melaleuca spp. and/or Eucalyptus shirleyi. Occurs on ledges on margins and stepped valleys of dissected plateaus on Mesozoic sandstones; shallow texture contrast soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.10.6x1: Petalostigma banksii (quinine) tall shrubland to shrubland +/- emergent Eucalyptus persistens (knotted box), Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree). There is a sparse mid layer of juvenile trees and Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit) and a sparse grassy ground layer of Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass). ","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low open woodland on ledges on skeletal soils","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low open woodland on ledges on skeletal soils","Galloway et al. (1970), Starcke; Perry et al. (1964), Boorooman","6, 9.","Bulleringa NP.","","","","","2","10","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.7","21007","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Shrubby Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. woodlands, usually with a Triodia spp. grass cover. Occurs on low rocky hills on gently sloping Proterozoic sandstones; skeletal soils.","Eucalypt woodland on Precambrian sandstones","Eucalypt woodland on Precambrian sandstones","Christian et al. (1954), Redbank, Robinson","7.","Lawn Hill NP, Lawn Hill (Arthur Creek) RR, Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","","Includes a number of regional ecosystems on outliers of sandstone from subregion 4 of the Northwest Highlands bioregion .","","2","10","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.10.8","21008","Of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Springs. Occurs on quartzose sandstone or lateritised sandstone gully's and gorges.","Springs associated with quartzose sandstone or lateritised sandstone gullies and gorges","Springs associated with quartzose sandstone or lateritised sandstone gullies and gorges","Fensham and Fairfax (2002); Fensham et al. (2004)","9,6,8,5,(9.2),(9.1)","Bulleringa NP","Regionally significant refuge for remote plant populations and rare flora, including Eriocaulon carsonii and Fimbristylis blakei. Provides wetland habitat for a flora and fauna.","STRATEGY: Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Non-flammable, not threatened by fire. ","The springs on quartzose sandstone are within Great Artesian Basin recharge areas. The spring wetlands in some instances have been degraded by stock trampling and pig rooting.","","2","10","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Sandstone ranges" "2.11.1","21101","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. woodlands and deciduous low woodlands. Occurs on hills on deformed and metamorphosed sediments; skeletal soils, loams and texture-contrast soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.11.1a: Eucalyptus sp. (Stannary Hills G.W.Althofer 402) (narrow-leaved ironbark) +/- Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) open woodland to isolated trees. There is no mid layer and the ground layer includes tussock grasses with patches of Triodia sp. (spinifex). Occurs on steep rugged hills often with sandstone caps. 2.11.1b: Eucalyptus whitei (White's ironbark) +/- Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) (on lower slopes) low woodland with a mid layer that is absent or with scattered plants of Terminalia aridicola (arid peach) and Acacia bidwillii (corkwood wattle). The sparse ground layer of tussock grasses includes patches of Triodia sp. (spinifex). Areas of hummock grassland of Triodia sp. (spinifex) occur close to the edge of sandstone capping. Occurs on slopes below sandstone capping. 2.11.1c: Eucalyptus provecta +/- Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) +/- Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) +/- Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) woodland with a very sparse mid layer of Acacia orthocarpa and scattered Maytenus cunninghamii (yellowberry bush). The sparse ground layer is dominated by Triodia molesta (pincushion spinifex). Occurs on steep slopes with skeletal, pale, sandy to pebbly soil.","Eucalypt woodland and deciduous woodland on stony hills on folded sediments","Eucalypt woodland and deciduous woodland on stony hills on folded sediments","Christian et al. (1954), Mount Isa; Galloway et al. (1970), Starcke, Maytown, Arkara; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala, Kilbogie, Leichhardt, Belmore","2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9.","Palmer River Goldfields RR in Einasleigh Uplands bioregion.","","","Includes a number of regional ecosystems that are all outliers of adjacent bioregions.","","2","11","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "2.12.1","21201","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. woodlands, and deciduous low woodlands. Occurs on hills on acid igneous or acid volcanic rocks; skeletal soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.12.1x1: Rock pavements and rock bars. Occurs in channels of large streams.","Eucalypt woodland and deciduous woodland on hills on granitic rocks","Eucalypt woodland and deciduous woodland on hills on granitic rocks","Christian et al. (1954), Redbank; Galloway et al. (1970), Starcke, Arkara; Perry et al. (1964), Quamby, Kuridala, Kilbogie, Leichhardt, Belmore, Georgetown","6, 7, 8, 9.","Bulleringa NP.","","","Includes a number of regional ecosystems that are all outliers of adjacent bioregions.","","2","12","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "2.2.1","20201","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Scattered Casuarina equisetifolia and Hibiscus tiliaceus, ground cover dominated by Spinifex longifolius and Ipomoea pes-caprae. Occurs on beaches and fore dunes; unconsolidated siliceous sands or calcareous shell fragments.","Beaches and fore dunes","Beaches and foredunes","Christian et al. (1954), Littoral; Galloway et al. (1970), Inkerman, Battersea; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 55, 196, 198; Perry et al. (1964), Carpentaria","1, 10.","No representation.","Seasonally significant for turtle nesting.","","Threatening process is infestation by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora, and the impact of high total grazing pressure. Survey required to verify condition.","","2","2","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Coastal dunes" "2.2.2","20202","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Vegetation variable throughout subregion, but includes grasslands, herb fields, woodlands and semi-deciduous and evergreen scrubs. Sedge lands and Melaleuca spp. in swales. Occurs on secondary dunes and swales; unconsolidated sands or stratified shells and mud, and clay soils in swales. Major vegetation communities include: 2.2.2b: Melaleuca dealbata dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy layer (6-22m tall), often being the only species in this layer. Acacia crassicarpa and A. leptocarpa are frequent sub canopy trees (3-4m tall) and in some situations form part of the canopy. A very sparse shrub layer is sometimes present. The alien scandent shrub, Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubbervine)* was present at all sites sampled. The ground layer is generally very sparse, however in some localities, Chrysopogon rigidus dominates a sparse ground layer. (Dune swales) OF-W Occurs on parrallel sand ridges and swales 2.2.2c: Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree) is a consistent and usually dominant component of the sparse and discontinuous canopy (6-20m tall). Syzygium suborbiculare (lady apple) and Parinari nonda (nonda) are frequent canopy trees. Acacia platycarpa (a wattle) and A. torulosa (northern lancewood) may be subdominant components of the canopy in some areas. A variety of tree species may be present at a particular site. These often form dense clumps which are separated by wide treeless areas. A mixed sub canopy layer (3-12m tall) is present in these clumps. At some sites, very sparse emergent Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) or Melaleuca nervosa (paperbark) trees (12-20m tall) are present. A very sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is often present. The ground layer is short and sparse to mid-dense. Panicum spp. (panic) and Perotis rara (comet grass) dominate some areas. Occurs on holocene sand ridges 2.2.2d: Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest. Associated with scattered coastal swamps Occurs on swale areas of parrellel holocene sand dunes 2.2.2x1: E. pruinosa or A. torulosa dominate the mid-dense canopy (5 - 9m tall). Occurs on old weathered sand ridges","Secondary dunes and swales","Secondary dunes and swales","Christian et al. (1954), Littoral; Galloway et al. (1970), Inkerman, Battersea; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 31, 49, 54; Perry et al. (1964), Carpentaria","1, 10.","No representation.","","","Threatening processes include high total grazing pressure leading to wind erosion, and invasion of scrubs by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora. Survey required to identify the component ecosystems of this complex. 2.2.2b: Invasion by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora.","","2","2","Contains palustrine wetland (e.g. in swales)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Coastal dunes" "2.3.1","20301","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Grassland, usually including Xerochloa sp., Dichanthium sp., Panicum sp., Chrysopogon sp., and Sporobolus virginicus, Oryza sp. and Pseudoraphis sp. on slightly lower areas. Occasional trees may include Grevillea striata, Pandanus sp., Excoecaria parvifolia, Eucalyptus microtheca and Melaleuca viridiflora. Also includes areas of Corypha utan in the far north. Occurs on low - elevated plains seasonally inundated by fresh water or rarely by saline waters; solonetzic soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.1b: Oryza spp. (wild rice), most frequently O. rufipogon, generally dominates the tall, dense ground layer. Patches may be completely dominated by Eleocharis spp. (bulkaru) or one of the native panics (Panicum trachyrhachis). Sedges belonging to the genus Fimbristylis are scattered throughout the ground layer. The erect forb Melochia corchorifolia and Nymphoides spp. (floating marshworts) are commonly found throughout this regional ecosystem. Occurs in swamps and drainage depressions 2.3.1c: Themeda arguens dominates the dense ground layer (1-1.6m tall). Fimbristylis spp. and Panicum spp. frequently occur below the tall grass canopy. Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum (Queensland blue grass) and Capillipedium parviflorum (scented top) are often subdominant. Emergent trees (3-4m tall) and shrubs (1-1.5m tall) occur very sporadically. Occurs on alluvial plains. 2.3.1e: This mid-dense to dense grassland may be dominated by a variety of species. Frequently the ground surface is markedly gilgaied. Sedges, Panicum trachyrhachis (native panic) and Oryza australiensis (Australian rice) dominate these wetter micro sites. On the drier raised areas, Panicum spp. are generally always present and P. laevinode is often dominant. The grasses Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch), Eriachne spp., Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Chrysopogon spp. may be dominant in some areas. Fimbristylis spp. are always present but usually occur more frequently in the gilgais. Forbs only make a minor contribution to the overall cover. Scattered low trees such as the ghost gums Corymbia papuana and C. bella, and Grevillea striata (beefwood) are occasionally present. Occurs on alluvial plains. 2.3.1x1: Tidal lagoon on mud flats usually situated between two higher land masses flushed periodically by saline water. Occurs on tidal mud flats 2.3.1x30: Lagoon in stream channel. Flushed by fresh water stream flows and prone to back fill with saline water at high tides. Occurs at junction with estuarine mud flats. 2.3.1x31: Lagoon. Occurs on clay plain with partial saline influence. 2.3.1x51: Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open-woodland. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains adjacent to estuarine mud flats.","Grassland on low plains adjacent to estuarine zone","Grassland on low plains adjacent to estuarine zone","Christian et al. (1954), Littoral; Galloway et al. (1970), Inkerman, Battersea, Cumbulla, Dumbar; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 111, 183, 185, 186, 188; Perry et al. (1964), Carpentaria","1, 4, 10.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Seasonally important habitat for water birds feeding and breeding.","","Diverse type requiring further analysis.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.10","20310","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Variable open-woodland or savannah of Eucalyptus microtheca and/or E. chlorophylla, ± Melaleuca viridiflora, or grassland. Dense ground cover of Eriachne burkittii, Sorghum plumosum, Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Aristida spp., Heteropogon triticeus, Schizachyrium spp. and Chrysopogon fallax. Sedges prominent in some areas. Plains on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial deposits; partly flooded; leached grey and brown massive earths, soloths, solodised solonetz and cracking clay soils; Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.10a: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) +/- Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) low open-woodland to woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) +/- Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) +/- Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry). A sparse to mid-dense ground layer includes Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), Eriachne spp., Aristida spp. (wire grass), Panicum decompositum (native millet) and a Eragrostis sp. (nineawn grass). Occurs on alluvial plains. 2.3.10b: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) +/- Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) +/- Corymbia spp. low open-woodland with sparse shrub layer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry), Maytenus cunninghamii (yellowberry bush), Terminalia spp. and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia). The short sparse to mid-dense ground layer includes the grasses Eriachne sp., Chloris pectinata (comb windmill grass), Paspalidium distans, Scizachyrium fragile, Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and some forbs including Neptunia spp. and Phyllanthus virgatus. Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubbervine) is common on some sites. Can occur as a wooded tussock grassland to open tussock grassland. Occurs on alluvium. 2.3.10c: Tall shrubs of Melaleuca citrolens (lemon-scented teatree) usually with M. foliolosa (scale-leaved teatree) dominate the very sparse to sparse canopy (3-6m tall). Scattered emergent Antidesma parvifolium trees up to 10m tall are present in some areas. A sparse low shrub layer is usually present. The ground layer is short and very sparse, with Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass) and Fimbristylis spp. being the most commonly encountered species. Bare areas are common. Occurs on alluvial 2.3.10x11: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) +/- Eucalyptus spp. open woodland to woodland +/- a subcanopy tree layer of Hakea persiehana, Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood). A very sparse shrub layer includes scattered Dolichandrone heterophylla (lemon wood), Grewia retusifolia (dog's balls) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). The sparse to dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), Sarga plumosum var. plumosum (plume sorghum), Themeda arguens (miniature grader grass), Themeda triandra and Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum (Queensland bluegrass). Occurs on back plains of alluvial plains. 2.3.10x11a: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy (8-25m tall). Other Eucalyptus spp. are occasionally present in the canopy. Scattered Hakea persiehana (bootlace oak), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) are sometimes present as sub canopy trees (4-12m tall). A shrub layer is rarely formed but scattered Dolichandrone heterophylla (dolichandrone), Grewia retusifolia (dog’s balls) and Melaleuca viridiflora shrubs 0.5-2m tall may be present. The ground layer is sparse to dense and dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Themeda arguens, T. triandra (kangaroo grass) and Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum (Queensland bluegrass). 2.3.10x11b: Eucalyptus chlorophylla trees dominate the very sparse to sparse canopy (7-15m tall). E. microtheca are occasionally present in the canopy. Scattered Melaleuca stenostachya and less frequently, Dolichandrone heterophylla are sometimes present as low trees (4-8m tall). A shrub layer is rarely formed, but scattered D. heterophylla, Grevillea striata and Antidesma parvifolium shrubs up to 3m tall are frequently present. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by grasses and sedges. Sarga plumosum may dominate in some areas, while Aristida spp., Eriachne spp., Eragrostis spp. and Schizachyrium spp. form the majority of the ground layer biomass elsewhere. 2.3.10x12: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) and/or Melaleuca spp. and/or Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) low open woodland in patches or occurs as patches of shrubs. Frequently bare. Occurs on breakaways on edge of alluvial terraces and mudstones. 2.3.10x40: Woodland to open-woodland of Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) often with Excoecaria parviflora (gutta percha), Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) and Terminalia platyptera (yellow wood) . Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains. 2.3.10x41: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) low open woodland with a sparse grassy ground layer dominated by species including Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass), Eriachne glauca (pan wanderrie grass) and Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass). Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca), box (Eucalyptus chlorophylla) low open woodland, and broad-leaved tea tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands and savannahs on plains","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), box (Eucalyptus chlorophylla) low open woodland, and broad-leaved tea tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands and savannahs on plains","Galloway et al. (1970), Dunbar, Radnor, Cumbulla; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 113, 151","4.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Includes seasonal wetlands significant as feeding sites for water birds.","","Along the Mitchell River west of Bellevue Homestead.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.11","20311","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Open and low open-woodlands of Eucalyptus microtheca ± Excoecaria parvifolia. Ground cover includes Eulalia fulva and Dichanthium sp. ± Aristida latifolia. Sesbania sp., Oryza australiensis and Chenopodium auricomum in lowest-lying areas. Trees may be absent. Occurs on depressions and floodplains on Quaternary and Tertiary alluvial plains; calcareous cracking clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.11a: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) +/- Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) +/- Acacia spp. +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) low open woodland to low woodland. Occurs o the Mitchell River floodplain. 2.3.11ax1: Waterholes fringed with Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Acacia stenophylla (river cooba) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) +/- Atayala hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Muehlenbeckia florulenta (lignum) +/- Chenopodium auricomum (bluebush) Occurs in depressions on floodplains 2.3.11b: Ephemeral lakes and swamps, seasonally dry Occurs in shallow inundated depressions of clay, silt and nodular ferricrete. Can be wooded or open. 2.3.11bx1: Seasonal wetland with a fluctuating combination of aquatic species, sedges, forbs and grasses +/- Chenopodium auricomum (bluebush) +/- Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) fringing woodland to low woodland. Occurs in depressions in silty alluvial plains of Flinders River 2.3.11bx2: Seasonal wetland with a fluctuating combination of aquatic species, sedges, forbs and grasses +/- Chenopodium auricomum (bluebush) +/- Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) fringing woodland to low woodland. Occurs in depressions in silty alluvial plains close to major rivers. 2.3.11c: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Excoecaria parvifolia (guttapercha) low woodland. Occurs on shallow drainage depressions and floodplains. 2.3.11d: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) woodland with a ground layer dominated by Astrebla elymoides (hoop Mitchell grass). Occurs on broad shallow drainage depressions on clay plains. 2.3.11e: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and Excoecaria parvifolia (guttapercha) +/- Eucalyptus microtheca tall shrubland with a ground layer of Dichanthium fecundum and Eulalia aurea Occurs on floodplains 2.3.11f: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) low open woodland with a mid-dense ground layer of Astrebla elymoides, Astrebla squarrosa and Dichanthium fecundum. Occurs on shallow drainage depressions on floodplains. 2.3.11g: Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) +/- Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) low open woodland to tall open shrubland with a very sparse tussock grass ground layer including Brachyachne convergens, Chloris spp., Sporobolus australasicus and Dactyloctenium radulans. Ground layer is frequently bare. Occurs on small scalded gently sloping side gullies draining into major streams. 2.3.11h: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) with a mid-dense ground layer dominated by Bothriochloa ewartiana (forest bluegrass). Occurs on lower terraces. 2.3.11i: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Excoecaria parvifolia (guttapercha) low woodland with a tussock grass ground layer including Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) and Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass). Occurs on brown clay alluvial plains. 2.3.11j: Acacia ditricha trees dominate the sparse canopy (5-10m tall). Scattered emergent Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia species (10-14m tall) are often present. Widely scattered shrubs (0.5-2m tall) are common with Acacia ditricha the most frequently encountered. The mid-dense to dense ground layer is usually dominated by the grasses Themeda arguens, Digitaria sp. and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). 2.3.11k: Eucalyptus microtheca LOW around fringes of lagoons 2.3.11x1: Eucalyptus pruinosa low open-woodland. E. ruinosa dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy (7- 9m tall) with grassy gound layer. Occurs in patches on recent alluvium 2.3.11x30: Casuarina cunninghamiana (river oak) and Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) low open-woodland. Occurs on floodplain with clayey soil. 2.3.11x40: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) +/- Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) low woodland to low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop), Eulalia aurea (browntop). Occurs on plains of heavy cracking clay.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca), gutta percha (Excoecaria parvifolia) low open woodland and blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) on grey clay plains","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), gutta percha (Excoecaria parvifolia) low open woodland and blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) on grey clay plains","Galloway et al. (1970), Radnor, Cumbulla; Neldner (1991), 17; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 152, 199; Perry et al. (1964), Balbarini, Armraynald, Gregory, Georgina, Gilbert, Glenore, Miranda, Punchbowl, Normanton","2, 3, 4, 8.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding and molting sites for water birds.","","Subject to degradation from high total grazing pressure. Includes a variety of seasonal wetlands requiring further classification.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.12","20312","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Open-woodland of Excoecaria parvifolia over Oryza australiensis and Eleocharis spp. Occurs on seasonally flooded depressions in Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; deep cracking gilgaied grey clays.","Gutta-percha (Excoecaria parvifolia) open woodland with sedges in seasonal swamps on grey clay plains","Gutta-percha (Excoecaria parvifolia) open woodland with sedges in seasonal swamps on grey clay plains","Perry et al. (1964), Balbarini","2, 3, 8.","No representation.","Seasonal wetlands of regional significance as water bird feeding and breeding sites.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. Use mosaic burning of swamp to maintain structure. Some standing water must be present. ISSUES: Sedges are disadvantaged by repeated hot fires. Mild fires help to maintain open structure. Mosaic helps protect animal habitat and food. Can be burnt when water level is deep enough to protect bases of sedges. ","Threatening processes are the dry season impacts of high total grazing pressure leading to habitat loss. Risk of invasion by introduced ponded pasture species.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.13","20313","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low woodland or woodland of Acacia stenophylla, usually with aquatic plants, Sesbania sp. and Chenopodium auricomum. Occurs on depressions and backplains, usually formed between the levee of a major watercourse and adjacent higher ground, on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; grey cracking clays.","Myall (Acacia stenophylla) low woodland in seasonal swamps on grey clay plains","Myall (Acacia stenophylla) low woodland in seasonal swamps on grey clay plains","","2.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","Seasonal wetlands. Bioregionally significant for water birds as feeding, molting and breeding sites.","SEASON: Storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 6-10 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. Restrict wildfire incursions by perimeter burning as required. ISSUES: Frequent fires may eliminate Acacia and other obligate seeding species. Hot fires may assist seed germination. Best protection from wildfires is probably the creation of a multi-aged mosaic and perimeter burning. Storm-burning may permit fires hot enough to enhance seed germination, but restrict spread and allow the creation and maintenance of a multi-aged mosaic. ","Catchment protection of adjacent slopes required. Subject to high total grazing pressure leading to habitat loss, and disturbance by pigs. This ecosystem poorly known. More information on condition required to confirm conservation status.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.14","20314","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Shrub land of Muehlenbeckia florulenta. Occurs on channeled and flooded backplains on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvium, usually formed between the levee of a major watercourse and adjacent higher ground; grey cracking clays.","Lignum (Muehlenbeckia florulenta) shrub land in channelled depressions in floodplains","Lignum (Muehlenbeckia florulenta) shrubland in channeled depressions in floodplains","","3.","No representation.","Bioregionally significant wetlands as molting, feeding and breeding sites for water birds.","","Catchment protection required. Subject to high total grazing pressure. Very restricted and poorly known ecosystem. More information on condition required to confirm conservation status.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.15","20315","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca with Sorghum sp. understorey. Sparse lower tree storey of Melaleuca leucadendra and Excoecaria parvifolia. Occurs on seasonally flooded depressions and lagoons on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvium; gleyed podzolics.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca) woodland-low open woodland with sorghum (Sorghum spp.) in seasonally flooded depressions on gleyed podsolics","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) woodland-low open woodland with sorghum (Sorghum spp.) in seasonally flooded depressions on gleyed podsolics","Christian et al. (1954), Keighran","7.","No representation.","Provides seasoanl wetland habitat for a flora and fauna. Important feeding sites for water birds.","","","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.16","20316","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Nelumbo nucifera and Nymphaea sp. Pseudoraphis spinescens and Leersia hexandra sedge lands on shallower margins; shallow swamps dominated by Eleocharis spp. Occurs in lagoons on Quaternary alluvial plains; grey clays, some gleyed podzolics; in deep open water.","Deepwater lagoons with water lilies and sedges","Deepwater lagoons with waterlilies and sedges","Christian et al. (1954), Keighran; Galloway et al. (1970), Radnor; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 201; Perry et al. (1964), Gilbert","4, 7.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Permanent and seasonal wetlands. Important breeding and feeding sites for water birds.","","Threatened by introduction of ponded pasture species, and by high total grazing pressures around margins.","","2","3","Lacustrine wetland (e.g. lake)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.17","20317","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Fringing woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca ± E. camaldulensis. Variable and diverse ground cover. Occurs on major and minor channels; fine alluvial soils, minor calcareous clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.17b: Fringing woodland of Eucalyptus coolabah (coolibah). Small intermittent watercourses often only a couple of trees wide. Occurs on smaller channels. 2.3.17c: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) woodland to open forest with a mid-dense to sparse shrublayer and a mid-dense ground layer of Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) and Bothriochloa decipiens var. cloncurriensis (bluegrass). Occurs on major channels. 2.3.17d: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Corymbia bella (ghost gum), Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Diospyros humilis (ebony) woodland with a sparse ground layer of tussock grasses. Occurs on shallow, narrow drainage depressions in old levee deposits. 2.3.17e: Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Corymbia grandifolia subsp. grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum), Melaleuca citrolens (teatree), Melaleuca viridiflora (broadleaved teatree) and Acacia holosericea (silver-leaved wattle) low open woodland with a sparse ground layer of Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Aristida pruinosa (Gulf wiregrass). Occurs on small creeklines in sandplain.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca) woodland on channels in fine textured alluvial plains","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) woodland on channels in fine textured alluvial plains","Christian et al. (1954), Balbarini; Neldner (1991), 2, 4, 8; Perry et al. (1964), Armraynald, Balbarini, Cloncurry, Gregory, Georgina, Glenore, Percol, Donors, Punchbowl, Cowan, Mayvale","2, 3, 4, 5, 8.","No representation.","Bioregional refuge for fauna, including macropods.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Burn only under mild conditions. ISSUES: Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Subject to very high grazing pressure. Widespread erosion and habitat loss. Extensive invasion by buffel grass *Cenchrus ciliaris on sandier soils. Diverse ecosystem requiring further analysis.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.18","20318","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Trees absent or low woodland of Atalaya hemiglauca and Grevillea striata ± Corymbia terminalis or C. aparrerinja. Ground cover includes Brachyachne convergens, Aristida arenaria and Enneapogon sp. Occurs on alluvium associated with major watercourses; gravelly calcareous clays, some red-brown earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.18a: Brachyachne convergens (native couch), Sporobolus australasicus (Australian dropseed), Chloris spp., Aristida spp. and Dactyloctenium radulans (button grass) tussock grassland to open tussock grassland +/- emergent low trees and shrubs including Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah), Acacia cambagei (gidgee), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and Grevillea striata (beefwood). Occurs on gravelly calcareous clay and hardpan close to streams. 2.3.18b: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and/or Acacia cambagei (gidgee) and/or Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Brachyachne convergens (native couch), Sporobolus australasicus (Australian dropseed), Chloris spp., Aristida spp. and Dactyloctenium radulans (button grass). Occurs on gravelly calcareous clay and hardpan close to streams.","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) and beefwood (Grevillea striata) low woodland on low rises and plains on red loamy soils","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) and beefwood (Grevillea striata) low woodland on low rises and plains on red loamy soils","Neldner (1991), 3, 14; Perry et al. (1964), Cloncurry, Gregory, Balbarini, Georgina","2, 3, 8.","No representation.","","INTERVAL: Exclude fire, wherever possible. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Species in this vegetation unit may be eliminated by fire. ","Prone to scalding and wind erosion. Widespread degradation due to high total grazing pressure. Survey required to verify condition.","","2","3","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.19","20319","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus tectifica with grass layer of Eulalia fulva and Chrysopogon fallax. Occurs on Pleistocene alluvial plains; mainly solodised solonetzic soils.","Darwin box (Eucalyptus tectifica) woodland with brown top (Eulalia aurea) on plains on solodised solenetz","Darwin box (Eucalyptus tectifica) woodland with browntop (Eulalia aurea) on plains on solodised solenetz","Perry et al. (1964), Glenore, Normanton","3, 4, 8.","No representation.","Restricted geomorphological surface.","SEASON: Progressive early to mid-dry season, followed by storm time. Begin burning early in the fire season, with progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. No buffer necessary as this is a fire tolerant community. ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Subject to high total grazing pressure leading to wind erosion and scalding. This ecosystem poorly known. Survey required to verify extent and condition.","","2","3","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.2","20302","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Seasonal wetlands usually with salt tolerant grasses, sedges and freshwater aquatics; semi permanent to permanent wetlands in meanders have saline tolerant grasses and sedges in the lower reaches, and freshwater sedges and aquatics in upper reaches. Occurs on remnants of prior river channels within low elevated plains, subject to seasonal flooding by fresh water and saline water; grey clay soils;","Freshwater and brackish wetlands in old river channels on low plains adjacent to estuarine zone","Freshwater and brackish wetlands in old river channels on low plains adjacent to estuarine zone","Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 190","1, 4, 10.","No representation.","Feeding and breeding areas of national significance for water birds. Sinks for terrestrial runoffs.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Sedges are disadvantaged by repeated hot fires. Mild fires help to maintain open structure. Mosaic helps protect animal habitat and food. Can be burnt when water level is deep enough to protect bases of sedges. ","The most immediate threatening process is the introduction of ponded pasture species. Survey required to verify extent.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.20","20320","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Frontage woodland including Corymbia bella, C. polycarpa, E. pruinosa, E. microtheca and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii ± E. tectifica. Understorey variable with Bothriochloa spp., Aristida spp., Chrysopogon spp. ± Sorghum plumosum ± Dichanthium fecundum ± Panicum delicatum. Occurs on alluvial plains, levees and prior stream traces on floodplains; fine sandy brown soils and sandy yellow earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.20a: Eucalyptus leucophylla (Cloncurry box) and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) +/- Corymbia bella (ghost gum) open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer and sparse ground layer of tussock grasses and Triodia spp. (spinifex). Occurs on wide terraces adjacent major rivers. 2.3.20b: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) woodland on sandier higher surface. Occurs on wide terraces adjacent major rivers. 2.3.20c: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Corymbia bella (ghost gum) woodland with a sparse tussock grass ground layer. Occurs on old river levees close to major streams. 2.3.20d: Corymbia bella (ghost gum), Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) woodland to open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry), Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig) and Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant bush) and a sparse to mid dense ground layer including Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass). (Now dominated by Cenchrus spp.) Occurs on frontage close to channels. 2.3.20e: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box), Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) and Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Corymbia bella (ghost gum) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) woodland with a mid-dense to sparse ground layer of Cenchrus spp. (buffel), Aristida spp., Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) and Bothriochloa ewartiana (forest bluegrass). Occurs on old river levees close to major streams. Mostly near Leichhardt River. 2.3.20f: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box), Eucalyptus leucophylla (Cloncurry box), Corymbia aparrerinja (ghost gum) woodland with a mid-dense ground layer of Leptochloa digitata (umbrella cane grass), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass), Bothriochloa decipiens var. cloncurriensis (bluegrass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass). Occurs in shallow drainage depressions in a plain. 2.3.20g: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) and Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Corymbia bella (or C.apparerinja) (ghost gum) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer and sparse to mid-dense ground layer of tussock grasses including Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass), Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Sehima nervosum (white grass), now Cenhrus spp. (buffel) dominated. Occurs on silty alluvial plains associated with the Leichhardt River. 2.3.20h: Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Cochlospermum gregorii (kapok tree) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) open woodland with a very sparse shrub layer and sparse to very sparse ground layer including Triodia pungens (soft spinifex), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass), Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Sehima nervosum (white grass). Occurs on terraces of small creeks in undulating low hills on deeply weathered surfaces. 2.3.20i: Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) and/or Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) and/or Corymbia bella (ghost gum) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) woodland with a sparse shrub layer including Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), Melaleuca citrolens (teatree) and Acacia spp. (wattles). Occurs in sandy, very shallow depressions. 2.3.20j: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and/or Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) and/or Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) low woodland with a sparse to mid dense ground layer of Aristida spp.(wire grass), Bothriochloa ewartiana (forest bluegrass) and Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) +/- Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Ground layer is often dominated by Cenchrus spp. (buffel). Occurs on silty floodplains.","Ghost gum (Corymbia bella), bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa), and silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) woodland on low rises and plains on pale sandy soils","Ghost gum (Corymbia bella), bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa), and silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) woodland on low rises and plains on pale sandy soils","Christian et al. (1954), Gregory, Balbarini, Keighran; Perry et al. (1964), Cloncurry, Georgina, Gregory, Armraynald","2, 3, 7.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","Provincial refuge for some woodland flora and fauna.","SEASON: Dry season. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. No buffer necessary as this is a fire tolerant community. ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Removal of cattle to allow recovery of the ground layer and accumulation of fuel is an important aspect of managing this vegetation. Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. ","Subject to high grazing pressure, particularly during wet season. Buffel grass *Cenchrus spp., displacing native species. Survey required to verify condition.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.21","20321","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Frontage woodland including some combination of Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia tessellaris, C. bella, C. polycarpa and C. confertiflora. Sometimes with a lower tree storey. Dense ground cover of Heteropogon contortus, Aristida spp. and Chloris acicularis. Occurs on abandoned levees, and levees associated with current major watercourses; fine sands, alluvial soils and red earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.21a: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box), Corymbia spp. +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland. Occurs on alluvial terraces, levees, ridges frontages. 2.3.21b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark), Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland to open woodland. Occurs on sandy levees and ridges. 2.3.21c: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolabah) dominates the sparse canopy. Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) is often subdominant. Scattered Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) may also be present in the canopy. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (6-15m tall) is sometimes present and is composed of a variety of species. The shrub layer (0.5-2.5m tall) varies from sparse to mid dense and is composed of a variable mixture of species. Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) is the most commonly encountered grass. It can often dominate the very sparse to dense variable ground layer. 2.3.21x1: Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark), Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) open woodland with a ground layer dominated by Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) and Sehima nervosum (white grass). Occurs on alluvial plains with clayey or loamy soil. 2.3.21x12: Terminalia platyphylla (wild plum), Thryptomene oligandra, Parinari nonda (nonda plum) and Margaritaria dubium-traceyi mixed species open forest. Occurs on elevated alluvial terraces in river channels. 2.3.21x13: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) +/- Corymbia tessellaris carbeen) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) +/- Bombax ceiba woodland with a sparse sub-canopy tree layer of Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) and Terminalia sp. (yellow wood). A sparse to mid-dense ground layer includes Heteropogon contortus, Bothriochloa sp., Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on alluvial terraces and levees on sand, silt and clay.","Molloy red box (Eucalyptus leptophleba) and bloodwood (Corymbia spp.) woodland on low rises and plains on fine sands and red earths","Molloy red box (Eucalyptus leptophleba) and bloodwood (Corymbia spp.) woodland on low rises and plains on fine sands and red earths","Galloway et al. (1970), Cumbulla, Radnor; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 80; Perry et al. (1964), Miranda, Gilbert","4.","No representation.","Significant habitat for arboreal mammals and for animals using hollows.","SEASON: Dry season. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. No buffer necessary as this is a fire tolerant community. ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. ","Subject to high total grazing pressure; rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora invading some areas. Survey required to verify condition. 2.3.21a: Rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora is common. Chinee apple *Ziziphus mauritiana forms a dense stand on the Walsh River, Wrotham Park. 2.3.21x12: Not burnt, or if burnt, infrequent. 2.3.21x13: Rubbervine Cryptostegia grandiflora is frequently present.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.22","20322","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Frontage woodland of Corymbia polycarpa and Melaleuca spp. ± Eucalyptus microtheca on heavier soils of back plains. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pandanus sp. on levees. Eucalyptus microtheca ± Excoecaria parvifolia on smaller channels. Occurs on channels, levees and plains associated with recent watercourses; alluvial soils, mainly sands and earths; Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.22x11: Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) woodland with a sparse subcanopy dominated by Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) and Melaleuca nervosa (fibrebark). The very sparse shrub layer includes Alphitonia obtusifolia, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Indigofera pratensis and Melaleuca nervosa. The ground layer is mid-dense to dense, with Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass), Sarga plumosum var. plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass), Themeda arguens (miniature grader grass) and Panicum sp. the dominant grasses. Occurs on alluvial terraces, levees, frontages with sand, silt and clay soils. 2.3.22x11a: Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (13-25m tall). Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is a frequent subdominant tree. Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is present but at lower stem densities. The sparse sub canopy (6-15m tall) is dominated by Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Melaleuca nervosa (a paperbark). A number of other species are frequently present. The sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is composed of a variety of species which includes Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Indigofera pratensis (forest indigo) and Melaleuca nervosa. The ground layer is mid-dense to dense. Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Themeda arguens and Panicum sp. (native panic) are the dominant grasses. 2.3.22x11b: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (13-20m tall). Corymbia curtipes (a bloodwood), C. confertiflora (cabbage gum), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) may be present as subdominant canopy trees. The sub canopy tree layer (4-12m) varies from very sparse to sparse. Terminalia spp., Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Melaleuca nervosa (paperbark), Corymbia polycarpa and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bean tree) are the most commonly encountered species. The very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-4m tall) is dominated by a variety of species depending on the location. Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Panicum sp. (panic) Themeda arguens, Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Arundinella setosa (reed grass) are the most frequent species in the sparse to mid-dense ground layer. ","Bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) and paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on sandy channels and levees","Bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) and paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on sandy channels and levees","Perry et al. (1964), Claraville, Prospect","5.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Seasonal refuge for fauna.","SEASON: Dry season. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. No buffer necessary as this is a fire tolerant community. ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Removal of cattle to allow recovery of the ground layer and accumulation of fuel is an important aspect of managing this vegetation. Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. ","Subject to heavy total grazing pressure and associated vegetation changes and erosion. Survey required to verify condition.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.23","20323","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Mixed woodland of Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia confertiflora, C. polycarpa and C. bella. Occurs on low-level terraces and levees on younger Quaternary alluvium of upper tributary watercourses; alluvial sands and loams. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.23b: Mixed woodland to open forest including combinations of the species Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia tessellaris, E. brassiana, C. polycarpa, E. platyphylla, C. confertiflora +/- E. tetrodonta, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Melaleuca viridiflora. Occurs on sandy alluial outwash deposits. 2.3.23x1a: Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) +/- Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Terminalia spp., Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) woodland. Mid layer is an open shrubland to shrubland of Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle), Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry), Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) or Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit), . The grassy ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Aristida spp. (wire grass). In areas of deeper soil development or higher moisture content E. leptophleba may be co-dominant. Occurs on undulating alluvial plains. 2.3.23x1b: Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) +/- Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) +/- Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) woodland. The mid layer ranges from none to dense saplings of the canopy species and a dense tall grassy ground layer dominated by Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on alluvial levees and plains with deep alluvial soils. 2.3.23x1c: Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) woodland +/-Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box). The mid layer is generally absent but has occasional patches of juvenile tree species with Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and Ziziphus mauritiana (chinee apple). The tussock grass ground layer is seasonally variable. Occurs on alluvial plains with light sandy loam soil.","Molloy red box (Eucalyptus leptophleba) and cabbage gum (Corymbia confertiflora) woodland on sandy alluvial terraces and levees","Molloy red box (Eucalyptus leptophlebaand cabbage gum (Corymbia confertiflora) woodland on sandy alluvial terraces and levees","Perry et al. (1964), Esmeralda, Abingdon, Ortona","6, 9.","No representation.","Provincial refuge for some fauna and flora.","SEASON: Progressive early to mid-dry season, followed by storm time. Begin burning early in the fire season, with progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. No buffer necessary as this is a fire tolerant community. ISSUES: Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Subject to high total grazing pressure and weed invasion by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora. Survey required to verify condition. 2.3.23b: Survey required to verify condition.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.24","20324","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Melaleuca leucadendron and/or M. argentea fringing forests and woodlands. Occurs on channels and inner levees on younger Quaternary alluvium; alluvial sands and loams. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.24a: Melaleuca argentea +/- M. leucadendra + Acacia auriculiformis + Syzygium forte + Leptospermum parvifolium + Corypha utan (Major streams) (M. saligna in minor streams) OF. Differs from unit on Cape York by having high occurrence of Coryph utan 2.3.24b: Woodland of Melaleuca argentea, M. fluviatilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A sub-canopy or shrub layer often occurs, including combinations of the species M. viridiflora, Lophostemon grandiflorus, Pandanus sp., Terminalia platyphylla, Ficus opposita, Xanthostemon umbrosus, M. clarksonii. Margins of larger creeks. Margins of larger creeks. 2.3.24x1: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) +/- Grevillea pteridifolia (fern grevillea) +/- Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved paperbark) open woodland with a very sparse ground layer often dominated by Aristida dominii. Occurs on banks of small creeks with sandy soil. 2.3.24x11: Bare sand with scattered low shrubs and patches of grasses, forbs and sedges. Occurs in larger river channels. 2.3.24x12: Waterholes and lagoons, generally permanent. Occur in the beds of large river channels. 2.3.24x2: Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) tussock grassland wooded with Melaleuca argentea (silver weeping river teatree), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum). Occurs on alluvial terraces.","Weeping paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland-open forest on sands in channels and on levees","Weeping paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland-open forest on sands in channels and on levees","Galloway et al. (1970), Cumbulla, Radnor; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 48","4.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","Provincial refuge for some fauna and flora.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffering is unnecessary, unless associated with fire management within vegetation unit. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","Some invasion by rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiflora. Subject to high total grazing pressure leading to habitat loss and erosion. Includes within channel aquatic ecosystems. 2.3.24b: Survey required to verify condition.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.25","20325","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Fringing woodland usually dominated by Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Eucalyptus microtheca may be present as a lower tree on fine-textured deposits, and Pandanus sp. ± Melaleuca sp. on coarser soils. Terminalia sp. and/or Lophostemon grandiflorus may occur on upper tributaries. Occurs on levees and some floodplains of larger watercourses; alluvial soils and calcareous cracking clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.25b: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) +/- Melaleuca fluviatilis (weeping river teatree) +/- Melaleuca leucadendra (weeping river teatree) +/- Lophostemon grandiflorus (northern swamp box) woodland with a very sparse shrub layer including Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig), Terminalia platyphylla (wild plum) and Vitex benthamii and a very sparse ground layer of tussock grasses, forbs and sedges. Occurs on channels. 2.3.25c: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Terminalia platyphylla, Cochlospermum gregorii low woodland to low open woodland with a sparse shrub layer dominated by Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides and a sparse to mid-dense mixed species ground layer of tussock grasses and sedges. Occurs on narrow channels in lateritic landscape. 2.3.25x1: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) +/- Melaleuca acacioides (black teatree) +/- Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) woodland to tall shrubland. Emergent trees of Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) or Eucalyptus sp. (Stannery Hills G.W.Althofer 402) (narrow-leaved ironbark) may be present occasionally. There is no mid layer and the ground layer is tussock grasses. Occurs on head waters of drainage lines and shallow drainage depressions in Tertiary sandstone plateaus. 2.3.25x2: Waterholes with aquatic plants. Occurs in stream channels. 2.3.25x3: Sandy river bed. Occurs in stream channels.","River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on levees and floodplains","River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland on levees and floodplains","Neldner (1991), 1; Perry et al. (1964), Georgina, Cloncurry, Gregory, Donaldson, Torwood, Ortona","2, 3, 6, 8, 9.","Bulleringa NP, Staaten River NP.","Provincial refuge for some flora and fauna. Includes pools with permanent water in sub regions 6 and 9, significant for aquatic species.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","High total grazing pressure is leading to soil erosion, scalding and habitat loss. Rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora is a major threat in some areas. Diverse ecosystem requiring further classification and verification of condition.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.26","20326","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Fringing forest of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Nauclea orientalis, Ficus sp., Pandanus sp. and Melaleuca saligna. Occurs on major channels; coarse alluvial soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.26a: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum), Lophostemon grandiflorus (northern swamp box), Casuarina cunninghamiana (river oak), Melaleuca fluviatilis (weeping river teatree) and/or Melaleuca argentea (silver weeping river teatree) open-woodland to woodland with a variable sparse to mid-dense shrub layer including Acacia spp., Grevillea pteridifolia (fern grevillea), Pandanus sp. (screw palm), Gardenia vilhelmii (breadfruit), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Melaleuca linariifolia. The very sparse to sparse ground layer includes Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Arundinella setosa, Leersia sp., Panicum spp., Hibiscus meraukensis and Hyptis suaveolens. Cryptostegia grandiflora is frequently present. Occurs on the fringes of river channels, with sandy and gravelly soils.","River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Leichhardt tree (Nauclea orientalis) open forest fringing major tributaries","River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Leichhardt tree (Nauclea orientalis) open forest fringing major tributaries","Christian et al. (1954), Gregory, Keighran; Galloway et al. (1970), Radnor; Neldner and Clarkson (1994), 18; Perry et al. (1964), Armraynald, Miranda, Gilbert","2, 3, 4, 7, 10.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","Significant provincial refuges for fauna. Includes areas of permanent water with high habitat values for aquatic and other species.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","Being disturbed by feral pigs, rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora, fishing, tourism and high total grazing pressure. 2.3.26a: *Hyptis suaveolens is always present and *Cryptostegia grandiflora is frequently present.","","2","3","Riverine wetland or fringing riverine wetland","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.27","20327","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus leucophylla and Corymbia terminalis with a sparse shrub layer and a variable ground cover. Occurs on alluvial plains and seasonally waterlogged depressions on Tertiary surfaces; yellow podzolics.","Western box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) and bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) woodland in depressions on podsolic soils","Western box (Eucalyptus leucophylla) and bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) woodland in depressions on podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.28","20328","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland of Melaleuca saligna and M. stenostachya on the wettest areas and M. viridiflora woodland, with occasional emergent Eucalyptus microtheca, on other areas. Dense ground cover of Eriachne burkittii, Panicum decompositum, Sorghum plumosum, Schizachyrium sp. and Aristida spp. Sedge lands in some depressions. Occurs on closed depressions and shallow valley floors on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvium, seasonally flooded; soloths, solodised solonetz and leached grey and brown massive earths; Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.28a: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) tall open-shrubland with emergent Livistona muelleri (cabbage palm) and Corymbia spp. and a short sparse to mid-dense ground layer including Eriachne sp., Aristida sp. (wiregrass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on lower slopes and valley floors with sandy earth, texture contrast soils. 2.3.28b: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) +/- Parinari nonda (nonda plum) +/- Livistona muelleri (cabbage palm) woodland with sparse to mid-dense shrub layer including Acacia holosericea (soap bush) and juvenile trees. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated includes Imperata cylindrica, Eragrostis sp. (nineawn grass), Panicum sp., Eriachne sp., Cyperus spp., Dianella sp. and Ischaemum rugosum. Occurs in alluvial depressions on lower slopes and valley floors. 2.3.28c: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) low woodland +/- low trees. Occurs on drainage areas and floodplains. 2.3.28x1: Melaleuca viridiflora low open-woodland. Melaleuca viridiflora usually dominates the sparse canopy (6-9 m tall). Somteimes Eucalyptus pruinosa is dominant with M. viridiflora. Occurs on drainage depressions or alluvial plains adjacent to streams 2.3.28x11: Melaleuca clarksonii (Clarkson's teatree) low woodland to low open forest. Occurs on swamps . 2.3.28x12: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) low open-woodland to open-woodland with scattered emergent trees including Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood), Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) and Eucalyptus spp.; a sparse to very sparse low tree layer dominated by Petalostigma banksii (quinine) is usually present; a very sparse shrub layer includes juvenile Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Petalostigma banksii. The sparse to mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass), Sarga plumosum var. plumosum (plume sorghum), Eriachne spp. and Eremochloa bimaculata. Occurs on floodplains and drainage and swampy areas. 2.3.28x13: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) open woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Petalostigma pubescens (quinine). Occurs on shallow drainages on plains. 2.3.28x14: Swamps and lagoons. Occurs on outer parts of river frontages. 2.3.28x15: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) +/- Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (linament bush) and/or Melaleuca clarksonii (Clarkson's teatree) low open forest to low woodland. Occurs on ephemeral swamps with silt, clay and nodular ferricrete bases. 2.3.28x16: Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) low woodland to low open woodland. Occurs on broad drainage depressions. 2.3.28x40: Melaleuca viridiflora var. viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) low open woodland or Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (linament bush) open shrubland +/- emergent Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood). Occurs on clay plains on older alluvial fan deposits.","paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland in depressions and shallow valleys on solodised soils and pale earths","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland in depressions and shallow valleys on solodised soils and pale earths","Galloway et al. (1970), Dunbar, Leinster, Balurga, Mottle, Koolburra; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 53, 139, 144, 158, 159; Perry et al. (1964), Dandry, Strathmore (north), Esmeralda (north)","4, 6.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP, Staaten River NP.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","","Subject to high total grazing pressure leading to habitat loss. Some soils prone to scalding and erosion. This ecosystem poorly known. More information required to confirm conservation status.","","2","3","Contains palustrine wetland (e.g. in swales)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.29","20329","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland of Melaleuca spp. with a grassy understorey of Aristida spp. Occurs on gentle slopes fringing depressions on Tertiary surfaces; solodised solonetz soils. Fringes seasonal wetlands. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.29x1: Melaleuca acacioides (black teatree) and Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) tall shrubland to open-shrubland. Very sparse ground layer with grasses including Xerochloa imberbis (rice grass). Occurs on gently sloping plain adjacent to estuarine mud flats with silty sand or sandy loam surface soil. 2.3.29x2: Melaleuca acacioides (black teatree) +/- Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) tall shrubland to open-shrubland with very sparse ground layer with scattered Brachyachne convergens and mostly bare ground. Occurs on gently sloping terrain adjacent to creeks. 2.3.29x3: Melaleuca acacioides tall shrubland or open-shrubland. Melaleuca acacioides domiantes the sparse to mid-dense canopy (5-8 m tall). Excoecaria parviflora is usually present. Occurs on gently sloping plain with silty sandy soil 2.3.29x40: Melaleuca acacioides (black teatree) +/- Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) tall shrubland to open-shrubland. Very sparse grassy ground layer. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains, often with massive gilgai.","paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland fringing depressions and broad valleys on solodised soils","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland fringing depressions and broad valleys on solodised soils","Perry et al. (1964), Bylong, Strathmore","5.","No representation.","Provides wetland habitat for a flora and fauna.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffering unnecessary unless associated with fire management within vegetation unit. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","Floristic changes occurring due to high grazing pressure. More information required to confirm conservation status.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.3","20303","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Mitchell grassland of Astrebla spp. ± Aristida latifolia. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; calcareous clays, some gilgai. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.3a: Astrebla elymoides, Astrebla squarrosa and Eulalia aurea +/- Dichanthium fecundum tussock grassland. Occurs on broad shallow drainage areas on undulating plains. 2.3.3b: Astrebla elymoides, Iseilema spp, and Marsilea drummondii tussock grassland with low shrubs of Chenopodium auricomum. Occurs on broad shallow drainage areas on undulating plains. 2.3.3c: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and/or Acacia sutherlandii (corkwood wattle) +/- Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) tall open shrubland to open shrubland with a sparse ground layer including Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass), Iseilema spp.(Flinders grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Eulalia aurea (browntop). Occurs on broad shallow drainage areas. 2.3.3x40: Grassland in drainage lines of Astrebla lappacea but with large component of Astrebla squarrosa ± Eulalia aurea. ± Iseilema vaginiflorum. Occurs on gently undulating and flat plains surrounding watercourses and drainage lines.","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on plains of cracking clays","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland on plains of cracking clays","Christian et al. (1954), Gregory; Neldner (1991), 43; Perry et al. (1964), Cloncurry, Gregory, Balbarini, Georgina, Monstraven, Percol, Armraynald, Cowan","2, 3, 5, 8.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","","Survey required to verify condition","","2","3","","Grassland","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.30","20330","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Melaleuca spp. Occasional other trees include Alphitonia excelsa, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Grevillea parallela, G. pteridifolia, Petalostigma banksii and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii. The sparse ground cover includes Bothriochloa intermedia, Chrysopogon sp., Aristida pruinosa, Themeda australis, Heteropogon contortus and a variety of short grasses and herbs. Occurs on seasonally waterlogged depressions and flats on Tertiary surface; yellow podzolic and lateritic podzolic soils.","paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland in seasonally flooded depressions on podsolic soils","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland in seasonally flooded depressions on podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","","","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.31","20331","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland of Melaleuca acacioides and/or other Melaleuca spp. Grass understorey dominated by Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax. Occurs on gently sloping run-on areas of Tertiary plateaus; fine-textured yellow earths.","paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low woodland in depressions and valley bottoms on fine-textured yellow earths","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low woodland in depressions and valley bottoms on fine-textured yellow earths","Perry et al. (1964), Manrika, Donors, Cowan, Punchbowl, Normanton","8.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.32","20332","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Grassland including Aristida hirta, A. superpendens, Chloris scariosa, C. pumilus, Eriachne armitii and Chrysopogon fallax. Occasional trees may include Corymbia grandifolia subsp. grandifolia and Petalostigma banksii. Occurs on gently sloping lower areas and broad open valleys of Tertiary plateaus; fine-textured yellow earths, rarely texture contrast. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.32x11: Eriachne spp. +/- Aristida spp. (wire grass) +/- Eragrostis spp. +/- Fimbristylis spp. closed tussock grassland. Occurs in drainage lines on seepage from adjoining sandsheet.","Wire grass (Aristida spp.) grassland in depressions and valley bottoms, on fine-textured yellow earths","Wire grass (Aristida spp.) grassland in depressions and valley bottoms, on fine-textured yellow earths","Perry et al. (1964), Cowan, Punchbowl, Manrika","8.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","","Grassland","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.33","20333","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Eucalyptus microtheca open-woodland over Aeschynomene indica, Eleocharis spp., Marsilea sp. and Pseudoraphis spinescens on margins of larger depressions and in centres of smaller depressions. Astrebla spp. or Aristida spp. in centres of larger depressions. Occurs on closed depressions on sandy Tertiary plains; cracking clays, with solodised solonetz in centres of larger depressions; Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.33x1: Aristida hygrometrica (northern kerosene grass) or Eriachne mucronata (mountain wanderrie) or Oxychloris sp. tussock grassland. Includes extinct mound springs with Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) +/- Pandanus tectorius (screw palm) woodland or Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) woodland or Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) woodland. Occurs on artesian springs. 2.3.33x2: Springs. Occurs on mudstone springs. 2.3.33x3: Seasonal wetland with a seasonally variable combination of aquatic species, sedges, forbs and grasses +/- emergent Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) +/- a fringing woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah). Occurs in closed depressions in sandplain. 2.3.33x4: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) and Excoecaria parvifolia (guttapercha) +/- Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) low woodland with a variable ground layer including solodic short grasses such as Aristida spp. and Eriachne spp. as well as Aeschynomene indica (budda pea), Pseudoraphis spinescens (mudgrass), Oryza australiensis (rice grass), Brachyachne convergens (couch) and Marsilea drummondii (nardoo) on wetter parts. The ground layer also has small elevated areas of gravel and sand with Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on margins of closed depressions on sandplains.","Coolabah (Eucalyptus microtheca) open woodland and sedges in circular depressions in sand plains, on cracking clays","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca) open woodland and sedges in circular depressions in sand plains","Perry et al. (1964), Bylong","5.","No representation.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","Soda Springs near the Mitchell River.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.34","20334","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Lagoon vegetation dominated by Pseudoraphis spinescens and a fringing woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Occurs in rounded shallow lagoons which are seasonally flooded; yellow podzolic soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.34x31: Open-tussock grassland of Ectrosia sp. (hare's foot grass) or Leptochloa fusca (beetle grass). Occurs in depressions between old sand dunes. 2.3.34x32: Lagoon. Occurs on higher level clay plain not influenced by tides.","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland and sedges in circular depressions on podsolic soils","Red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodland and sedges in circular depressions on podsolic soils","Perry et al. (1964), Mayvale","4, 5.","No representation.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","","","","2","3","Lacustrine wetland (e.g. lake)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.35","20335","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland dominated by Eucalyptus microneura. Grassy understorey includes Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax. Occurs on shallow drainage depressions on deep weathered Mesozoic plateau surfaces; solodised solonetz soils;","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland in shallow depressions on solodised soils","Georgetown box (Eucalyptus microneura) woodland in shallow depressions on solodised soils","Perry et al. (1964), Hampstead, Strathpark","9.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. Burn only under mild conditions. ","","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.36","20336","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland of Melaleuca nervosa, M. viridiflora, M. acacioides and M. symphyocarpa fringing valleys, with a grassy understorey of Aristida spp. and Chrysopogon fallax. On the valley bottoms, grassland dominated by Aristida hirta, Eriachne armitii, Sorghum sp. and Eragrostis basedowii. Occurs in shallow valleys on deep weathered Mesozoic sediments; solodised solonetz soils.","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low woodland in bottoms of shallow valleys, on solodised soils","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) low woodland in bottoms of shallow valleys, on solodised soils","Perry et al. (1964), Esmeralda, Strathmore","9.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.37","20337","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus platyphylla, Corymbia clarksoniana and C. tessellaris in depressions with E. brownii woodland on margins. Grass layer includes Themeda australis, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Heteropogon contortus and Aristida spp. Occurs in shallow depressions on plateau surfaces; yellow podzolics and yellow earths.","Poplar gum (Eucalyptus platyphylla) and Reid River box (Eucalyptus brownii) woodland in shallow depressions on plateaus, on podsolics and earths","Poplar gum (Eucalyptus platyphylla) and Reid River box (Eucalyptus brownii) woodland in shallow depressions on plateaus, on podsolics and earths","Perry et al. (1964), Boorooman","9.","No representation.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffering unnecessary as vegetation community fire tolerant. ","Subject to high grazing pressure leading to habitat loss. More information required to verify vegetation description and condition.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.38","20338","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Vegetation dominated by Pseudoraphis spinescens, Eleocharis sp., Cyperus sp., Eragrostis sp. and Imperata cylindrica. Occurs in lagoons on deep weathered Mesozoic plateau surfaces; yellow earths and solodised solonetz.","Sedges in lagoons on plateau surfaces on earths and solodised soils","Sedges in lagoons on plateau surfaces on earths and solodised soils","Perry et al. (1964), Hampstead, Strathpark, Boorooman","9.","No representation.","Seasonal wetland. Important feeding sites for water birds.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Sedge are disadvantaged by repeated hot fires. Mild fires help to maintain open structure. Mosaic helps protect animal habitat and food. Can be burnt when water level is deep enough to protect bases of sedges. ","This ecosystem poorly known. More information required to verify description and extent.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.39","20339","Endangered","Endangered","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and 10-30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Springs. Occurs on springs on recent alluvium.","Springs on recent alluvium","Springs on recent alluvium","Fairfax and Fensham (2002); Fensham et al. (2004)","5,4,6,8,9","No representation","Rare examples of peat development in tropical environments, but no specialised organisms identified","","All the springs are within Great Artesian Basin discharge areas. The springs have been dramatically affected by artificial water extraction. Impacted by excavation and degraded by stock trampling and pig rooting. Peat mounds have developed in some instances.","","2","3","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.4","20304","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Dichanthium spp., Eulalia sp. grassland ± Aristida latifolia. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; heavy grey and brown clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.4x40: Enteropogon minutus, Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch) and Cyperus spp. (sedges) open tussock grassland or Eulalia aurea (silky browntop), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) open tussock grassland with small patches of Oryza australiensis (Australian wild rice) open tussock grassland and Cyperus victoriensis open sedgeland. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains adjacent to estuarine mud. 2.3.4x41: Eulalia aurea (silky browntop), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass), Dichanthium fecundum (Gulf bluegrass) and/or Brachyachne convergens open tussock grassland to tussock grassland, +/- emergent Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha) or Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood). Includes patches of Ophiuros exaltatus sparse tussock grassland. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains and slight depressions on gently undulating Cainozoic clay plains. 2.3.4x42: Chrysopogon elongatus (tall Tamil grass) tussock grassland. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains. 2.3.4x43: Iseilema spp.(Flinders grass), Dichanthium sericeum subsp. polystachyum (tassel bluegrass), Astrebla squarrosa (bull Mitchell grass), Astrebla elymoides (hoop Mitchell grass) +/- Dichanthium fecundum (gulf bluegrass) tussock grassland. Sesbania spp. (Sesbania pea) can be common after wet season. Occurs on Paludal clay plains. 2.3.4x44: Dichanthium fecundum (Gulf bluegrass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop), Astrebla squarrosa (bull Mitchell grass) and Eulalia aurea (browntop) tussock grassland. Sesbania spp. (Sesbania pea) can be common after wet season. Occurs on Paludal clay plains. 2.3.4x50: Xerochloa imberba (northern rice grass) open tussock grassland. Occurs on Cainozoic clay plains adjacent to estuarine mud flats.","Blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) and brown top (Eulalia aurea) grassland on plains of cracking clays","Blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) and browntop (Eulalia aurea) grassland on plains of cracking clays","Christian et al. (1954), Balbarini; Neldner (1991), 45; Perry et al. (1964), Gregory, Balbarini, Georgina","2, 3, 5, 8.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Grassland","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.5","20305","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Lysiphyllum cunninghamii over Eulalia fulva and Dichanthium fecundum. Occurs on Pleistocene alluvial plains; heavy grey calcareous clays.","Bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) woodland on plains of calcareous clays","Bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) woodland on plains of calcareous clays","Christian et al. (1954), Balbarini","2.","No representation.","","","Occurs in western areas of the subregion only.","","2","3","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.6","20306","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Deciduous woodland to scrub of Terminalia spp., Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Dendrolobium umbellatum, Grewia latifolia, Acacia bidwillii ± Carissa sp. ± Gardenia vilhelmii. Commonly sparse eucalypt emergents. Dense ground cover. Occurs on Quaternary alluvial plains; cracking clay soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.6x1a: Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) low woodland +/- emergent Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box), Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah). Occurs on creeks, drainages, plains. 2.3.6x1b: Dichanthium sp. (bluegrass), Pennisetum basedowii (asbestos grass) tussock grassland sparsely wooded with low Excoecaria parvifolia (gutta percha), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia). Occurs on alluvial plains with drainages.","Deciduous scrubs on plains of cracking clay","Deciduous scrubs on plains of cracking clay","Galloway et al. (1970), Radnor","4.","No representation.","","INTERVAL: Exclude fire, wherever possible. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Species in this vegetation unit may be eliminated by fire. ","Subject to infestation by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora. Survey required to verify extent and condition.","","2","3","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.7","20307","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland of Acacia cambagei, usually with Astrebla spp. understorey. Occurs on fine-textured Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; grey calcareous cracking clays and redder clays, often with gravel, minor texture contrast. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.7a: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) woodland to open-woodland with a mid-dense to sparse ground layer of tussock grasses including Echinochloa colona (awnless barnyard grass), Astebla spp. (Mitchell grass) and Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass) often with sedges and forbs including Corchorus spp., Flemingia spp. and Neptunia gracilis (low sensitive plant). Occurs on braided channels. 2.3.7b: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) and Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) woodland with a sparse, mixed tussock grass ground layer. Occurs on braided channels. 2.3.7c: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) low open woodland to woodland with a sparse ground layer of Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) +/- Dichanthium fecundum (Gulf bluegrass) +/- Eulalia aurea (silky browntop). Can include bare areas and areas of annual grasses and forbs. Occurs on braided channels.","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) woodland on plains on clays","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) woodland on plains on clays","Neldner (1991), 5; Perry et al. (1964), Georgina, Monstraven, Gregory","2, 3, 8.","No representation.","","","","","2","3","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.8","20308","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca, Corymbia confertiflora, C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; earths and solodised solonetz and some alluvial soils.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca), bloodwood (Corymbia spp.), bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) low open woodland with blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) on plains and low rises of texture contrast soils and earths","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), bloodwood (Corymbia spp.), bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) low open woodland with blue grass (Dichanthium spp.) on plains and low rises of texture contrast soils and earths","Perry et al. (1964), Miranda","4.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Burn only under mild conditions. ISSUES: Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Subject to degradation due to high total grazing pressure. This ecosystem poorly known. More information on condition required to verify extent.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.3.9","20309","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Eucalyptus microtheca and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii with grass layer of Aristida hirta, A. superpendens, A. hygrometrica, Eriachne armitii and Chloris pumilio. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial plains; earths and solodised solonetz soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.3.9b: Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) low open-woodland or tussock grassland of Chloris spp., Iseilema sp., Aristida sp., Eriachne sp. and Themeda arguens (miniature grader grass) +/- low trees. Occurs on alluvial plains.","Coolabahs (Eucalyptus microtheca), bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) low open woodland and wire grasses (Aristida spp.) on plains and low rises of texture contrast soils and earths","Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii) low open woodland and wire grasses (Aristida spp.) on plains and low rises of texture contrast soils and earths","Perry et al. (1964), Glenore, Miranda, Gilbert","3, 4.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Burn only under mild conditions. Burn only under mild conditions. ISSUES: Intense and extensive fires will degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Subject to high total grazing pressure during wet season leading to wind erosion and scalding. This ecosystem poorly known. More information on condition required to confirm conservation status.","","2","3","Floodplain (other than floodplain wetlands)","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Alluvium (river and creek flats)" "2.5.1","20501","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Variable low woodland of Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata, Owenia acidula, Acacia excelsa, Acacia bidwillii, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Terminalia spp. ± Melaleuca spp. Grass understorey is dominated by Aristida ingrata and Chrysopogon fallax. Aristida pruinosa, A. browniana, A. inaequiglumis, A. sciuroides, A. armata, Sorghum plumosum, Panicum seminudum and Alloteropsis cimicina may also occur in the grass layer. Eucalyptus microneura may occur on lower areas in subregion 3 and in the east of subregion 5. Small patches of Acacia cambagei are common in subregion 5. Corymbia polycarpa occurs occasionally as an emergent in subregion 8. Occurs on gently undulating plains on Tertiary sands; light-textured brown sandy soils and red and yellow earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.1a: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) woodland with a low tree or shrub layer including Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), Melaleuca nervosa (fibrebark), Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree), Acacia torulosa, Acacia julifera subsp. gilbertensis, Thryptomene oligandra. Includes some Aristida spp. (wire grass) +/- Enneapogon spp. tussock grassland in the southern Gulf. Occurs on undulating sand sheets overlying mudstone/limestone or near sandstone hills. 2.5.1b: Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) and/or Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) open woodland with a subcanopy tree or shrub layer of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and/or Melaleuca citrolens (teatree) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) and a ground layer of Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on sandplains. 2.5.1c: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and/or Melaleuca citrolens (teatree) low woodland to low open woodland +/- emergent Corymbia spp. (bloodwoods) and a sparse ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) and Aristida spp. (wire grass). Occurs on sandplains. 2.5.1d: Mixed species woodland to open woodland including Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Owenia reticulata (desert walnut), Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig), Acacia platycarpa (white-barked wattle), Terminalia oblongata subsp. volucris (yellow wood) and Eremophila longifolia (dogwood) +/- emergent Corymbia spp.(bloodwoods) with a sparse ground layer including Aristida hygrometrica (kerosene grass), Aristida spp. (wire grass), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on sandridges on a sandplain. 2.5.1x10: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) open woodland to woodland. Occurs on plains on older alluvial deposits. 2.5.1x11: Aristida sp. (wire grass), Eriachne sp., Themeda arguens (miniature grader grass) tussock grassland +/- low trees. Occurs on plains on older alluvial deposits. 2.5.1x11b: This mid-dense to dense grassland may be dominated by a variety of species. Frequently the ground surface is markedly gilgaied. Sedges, Panicum trachyrhachis (native panic) and Oryza australiensis (Australian rice) dominate these wetter micro sites. On the drier raised areas, Panicum spp. are generally always present and P. laevinode is often dominant. The grasses Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch), Eriachne spp., Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Chrysopogon spp. may be dominant in some areas. Fimbristylis spp. are always present but usually occur more frequently in the gilgais. Forbs only make a minor contribution to the overall cover. ","Bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), and beefwood (Grevillea striata) low woodland on plains on earths and sandy soils","Bauhinia (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), and beefwood (Grevillea striata) low woodland on plains on earths and sandy soils","Perry et al. (1964), Bylong, Mayvale, Claraville, Strathmore, Murgulla, Korong","3, 4, 5, 8.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP.","","","Prone to scalding and wind erosion. Subject to clearing in east.","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.10","20510","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland, usually dominated by Eucalyptus leucophylla, Corymbia terminalis and E. tectifica with C. bella, C. polycarpa, C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia and C. confertiflora sometimes present. A low tree layer that includes Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Planchonia careya, Brachychiton spp., Celastrus cunninghamii, Alphitonia excelsa and Grevillea parallela is often present. The shrub layer includes Acacia lysiphloia, A. cunninghamii, Distichostemon filamentous and Carissa lanceolata. The dense grass layer includes Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon pallidus, Sehima nervosum, Bothriochloa intermedia, Themeda australis, Aristida pruinosa and Trichodesma zeylanicum. Occurs on flat plains on Tertiary and Quaternary sands; deep yellow podzolic soils.","Western box (Eucalyptus leucophylla), western blood wood (Corymbia terminalis) and Darwin box (Eucalyptus tectifica) woodland on sand plains on podsolic soils","Western box (Eucalyptus leucophylla), western bloodwood (Corymbia terminalis) and Darwin box (Eucalyptus tectifica) woodland on sand plains on podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Keighran","7.","No representation.","","","","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.11","20511","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland of Eucalyptus leucophloia, with a sparse to dense shrub understorey of Acacia spp. Scattered Corymbia setosa subsp. setosa and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa may also be present. The ground cover is usually dominated by Triodia pungens. Occurs on gentle slopes on Tertiary surfaces; red earths and lateritic podzolics. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.11b: Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) hummock grassland with scattered emergent low trees of Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum). Occurs on gravelly undulating low rises with gentle slopes. 2.5.11c: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) +/- Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum) +/- Corymbia setosa subsp. setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) +/- Melaleuca citrolens (narrow-leaved paperbark) low open woodland to low woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and Acacia spp. and a sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on gravelly undulating low rises with gentle slopes. 2.5.11d: Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) hummock grassland +/- emergent low trees including Corymbia grandifolia subsp. grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Terminalia canescens (winged nut tree), Grevillea striata (beefwood), Corymbia setosa (rusty gum), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood). Occurs on sandplains.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on plains on lateritic podsolic soils","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low open woodland on plains on lateritic podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland; Perry et al. (1964), Punchbowl, Normanton, Donaldson","7, 8.","Lawn Hill (Widdallion) RR.","","","","","2","5","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.12","20512","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland dominated by Eucalyptus pruinosa. Sparse shrub understorey. Grasses include Aristida spp. and Sehima nervosum with Eulalia fulva and Dichanthium fecundum in depressions and Triodia pungens on shallower soils. Occurs on lower slopes of Tertiary plateau surfaces and low rises on Tertiary and Quaternary clay plains; red and yellow earths. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.12a: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) and/or Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Corymbia bella (or Corymbia aparrerinja) (ghost gum) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Atalaya hemigauca (whitewood) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland with a very sparse mixed shrub layer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and Acacia spp. and a very sparse ground layer dominated by Aristida spp. +/- Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Can occur as an open tussock grassland +/- Triodia pungens wooded with low trees and shrubs. Occurs on remnant sand over clay on plains. 2.5.12b: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) and Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) low woodland to low open woodland with a shrub layer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) anda sparse to mid-dense ground layer dominated by Eulalia aurea (silky browntop). Occurs on undulating plains. 2.5.12c: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) and/or Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) and Terminalia canescens (winged nut tree) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Atalaya hemigauca (whitewood) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) low open woodland with a very sparse mixed shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and a sparse to very sparse ground layer dominated by Aristida spp.(wire grass), short grasses, Eulalia aurea (browntop) and/or Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on sandplain with surface lag gravel.","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low woodland on plains and low rises on red and yellow earths","Silver-leaved box (Eucalyptus pruinosa) low woodland on plains and low rises on red and yellow earths","Perry et al. (1964), Korong, Manrika, Donors, Donaldson, Cowan, Punchbowl, Normanton, Murgulla","7, 8, 10.","No representation.","","","","","2","5","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.13","20513","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Corymbia polycarpa. Corymbia ferruginea subsp. ferruginea occurs occasionally and a variable shrub layer of Acacia spp., Petalostylis labicheoides, Jacksonia odontoclada, Grevillea wickhamii, G. dryandri and Distichostemon filamentosus may be present. The grass layer is dominated by Triodia pungens and Triodia sp. Occurs on gentle slopes on Tertiary plains; lateritic podzolic soils.","Long-fruited blood wood (Corymbia polycarpa) woodland on sand plains on lateritic podsolic soils","Long-fruited bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) woodland on sand plains on lateritic podsolic soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","","","","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.14","20514","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodland of Melaleuca nervosa, M. viridiflora, M. acacioides and M. symphyocarpa. Other occasional trees include Terminalia platyptera, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Grevillea parallela, Eucalyptus microneura, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Celastrus cunninghamii and Petalostigma banksii. Corymbia polycarpa may occur as an emergent. The grass layer is usually dominated by Aristida spp. Occurs on gently undulating Tertiary sand plain; sands, yellow podzolics and yellow earths; Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.14a: Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) +/- Melaleuca spp. +/- Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) +/- Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (linament tree) +/- Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Corymbia pocillum (red bloodwood) woodland to tall shrubland Where this community occurs near drainage lines Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) (one crown width wide) lines the channel. The sparse mid layer is includes Grevillea pteridifolia (fern grevillea), Petalostigma banksii (quinine) and juvenile trees with a tussock grass ground layer. Occurs on palins and slight rises on sand sheet. 2.5.14x1: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) woodland with a grassy understorey of Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass). Includes a complex of communities on slightly raised areas of mid-high woodland of Acacia platycarpa (white-barked wattle) fringed by linear (ca. 40m wide) communities of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). Grasses include Thaumastochloa major and Aristida spp. (wire grass). Mound springs are nearby. Occurs on low sand hills. 2.5.14x2: Melaleuca citrolens and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa and/or M. viridiflora low woodland to occasionally shrubland. M. citrolens and/or E. pruinosa and/or M. viridiflora dominate the mid-dense canopy (6-9m tall). Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa can occasional be an additional dominant or sub-dominant. Sometimes these stands can contain areas dominanted by E. leptophleba. Occurs on coastal plains 2.5.14x5: Eucalyptus melanophloia open-woodland. Eucalyptus melanophloia domiantes the spares canopy (12-15m tall). Corymbia pocillum is usually present. Occurs on sand plain 2.5.14x50: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) +/- Corymbia grandifolia subsp. grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) +/- (rarely) Brachychiton paradoxus woodland with a subcanopy tree layer of Terminalia oblongata subsp. volucris. The patchy shrub layer includes mixed Melaleuca spp. (M. citrolens (scrub teatree), M. viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), M. nervosa (fibrebark) and/or Acacia spp. (A. julifera subsp. gilbertensis, A. leptostachya (slender wattle), A. platycarpa (white-barked wattle)) +/- Petalostigma spp. (quinine). Sometimes a Melaleuca spp. woodland with emergent trees. Occurs on abandoned levees on sandplain.","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on plains on earths and podsolics (south)","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on plains on earths and podsolics (south)","Perry et al. (1964), Claraville, Mayvale, Strathmore","5, 9.","No representation.","","","","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.15","20515","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low woodland dominated by Melaleuca spp. including M. nervosa, M. acacioides and M. stenostachya. Corymbia polycarpa or Eucalyptus microneura sometimes occur as emergents. Associated trees include Terminalia platyptera, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Grevillea spp., Hakea spp., Excoecaria parvifolia and Petalostigma banksii. Shrubs are sparse and the sparse ground cover is dominated by Aristida spp. in the south and Schizachyrium spp. in the north. Gently undulating plains on Tertiary and Quaternary deposits; grey and brown massive earths and yellow podzolics. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.15b: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense shrub layer of Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), Terminalia platyptera (yellow wood) and Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and a sparse ground layer dominated by Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass). Occurs on gentle low slopes and undulating plains. 2.5.15c: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) low woodland to low open woodland with a sparse to mid-dense ground layer including Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Chrysopogon fallax (golden beard grass) and Thaumastochloa sp.. Occurs in depressions on weathered sandstone plateaus. 2.5.15x13: Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) and Acacia leptostachya (slender wattle) woodland to low woodland. Occurs on erosional slopes into creeks.","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on plains on earths and podsolics (north)","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) woodland on plains on earths and podsolics (north)","Galloway et al. (1970), Dunbar, Leinster, Mottle, Balurga, Strathmore (north), Cumbulla; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 153, 157, 164, 165; Perry et al. (1964), Mayvale","4, 6.","Mitchell-Alice Rivers NP, Staaten River NP.","","","Around Elizabeht Creek, west of Chillagoe.","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.16","20516","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Scrubland of Melaleuca foliolosa. Sparse ground cover of Schizachyrium sp., Aristida spp., and sedges (Cyperaceae). Occurs on dissected areas on Tertiary and early Quaternary deposits; alkaline grey and brown earths and texture contrast soils. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.16x40: Melaleuca foliolosa (paperbark teatree) open scrub. Occurs on plains on older Quaternary alluvial fan and overbank deposits.","Melaleuca foliolosa shrubland on dissected plains on alkaline earths and texture contrast soil","Melaleuca foliolosa shrubland on dissected plains on alkaline earths and texture contrast soil","Galloway et al. (1970), Leinster, Dunbar","4.","Staaten River NP.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season, with occasional storm burn or late dry season fire of limited extent. INTENSITY: Hot. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Fire exclusion and/or mild early dry season fires will benefit broad-leaved ti-tree at the expense of ground layer species, causing vegetation thickening. Late dry season fires and storm-burn help to restore the dominance of grasses. Ideally, hot fires are required to maintain the structure of this community. However, early dry to mid-season fires are likely to be of only light to moderate intensity. Hot fires should only be lit where their containment can be guaranteed. ","Gully erosion usually active. This ecosystem poorly known. More information required to verify condition and extent.","","2","5","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.2","20502","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low open-woodland of Atalaya hemiglauca and Ventilago viminalis. Associated species may include Grevillea striata, Corymbia terminalis and Acacia spp. Shrubs may include Capparis spp., Cassia spp. and Carissa lanceolata. Grass layer includes Aristida arenaria and Enneapogon spp. Trees are sometimes absent and the community forms a shrubland. Occurs on Tertiary and Quaternary sand sheets, usually overlying shale's; red earths, light-textured brown soils and some solodised solonetzic and calcareous clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.2x1: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) low woodland. Occurs on sandplain. 2.5.2x2: Aristida spp. +/- Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) sparse tussock grasslands (bare for much of the year) +/- emergent low trees of Grevillea striata (beefwood) and/or Acacia cambagei (gidgee) and/or Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and/or Corymbia spp. and/or Eucalyptus spp. and/or Hakea spp. Occurs on plains, often with red soil and ironstone gravel. 2.5.2x3: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Melaleuca spp. (teatree) +/- Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Terminalia canescens (winged nut tree) low woodland to low open woodland with a mid-dense to sparse ground layer of Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on Tertiary sandplains. 2.5.2x4: Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Acacia spp. and Melaleuca citrolens (teatree) +/- Corymbia setosa (rusty gum) +/- Terminalia canescens (winged nut tree) +/- Eucalyptus pruinosa )silver box) low woodland to low open woodland with emergent Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) and/or Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) and a mid-dense to sparse ground layer of Aristida spp. (wire grass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on Tertiary sandplains.","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) and vine tree (Ventilago viminalis) low open woodland on plains on red and brown earths","Whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca) and vine tree (Ventilago viminalis) low open woodland on plains on red and brown earths","Perry et al. (1964), Monstraven, Percol, Donaldson, Donors, Julia, Korong, Manrika","3, 8.","No representation.","","","Subject to high total grazing pressure leading to widespread wind erosion and scalding. Widespread and variable ecosystem.","","2","5","","Very sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.3","20503","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Evergreen mixed scrub that includes a combination of Eucalyptus spp. and/or Corymbia spp., Melaleuca spp., Acacia spp., Alphitonia excelsa, Banksia sp., Cochlospermum gillivraei, Erythroxylum ellipticum, Excoecaria sp., Gardenia sp., Coelospermum sp., Grevillea sp., Hakea sp., Pandanus sp., Pouteria sericea, Persoonia falcata, Petalostigma pubescens and Thryptomene oligandra. Gently undulating plains on Quaternary and Tertiary terrestrial deposits; deep sands, yellow earths and texture contrast soils, some clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.5.3a: Corymbia leichhardtii (yellowjacket) +/- Eucalyptus sp. (Caldervale D. Jermyn AQ 582304) or Corymbia brachycarpa open woodland with a sparse hummock grass ground layer of Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on gently undulating plains. 2.5.3b: Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood), Corymbia setosa (rough-leaved bloodwood) and Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) woodland with a mid-dense to dense tall shrub layer dominated by Acacia torulosa +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Alphitonia obtusifolia +/- Grevillea glauca (bushman's clothes pegs) and low patches of Bossiaea armitii. The sparse ground layer includes Schizachyrium sp. (fire grass), Aristida ingrata (feathertop three-awn), Eriachne sp. and Panicum sp. with bare sand patches. Sometimes occurs as woodland to low open-forest of Acacia torulosa with emergent trees. Occurs on undulating sandplains on weathered sandstone.","Evergreen scrub on plains on mainly deep sandy soils","Evergreen scrub on plains on mainly deep sandy soils","Galloway et al. (1970), Dunbar, Leinster, Cumbulla, Balurga, Mottle; Neldner and Clarkson (1995), 110","4, 6.","No representation.","Provincial refuge for some flora and fauna species.","","Variable ecosystem requiring further analysis.","","2","5","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.5.4","20504","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Callitris glaucophylla woodland. Occurs on sand sheets and deep weathered sands overlying a variety of surfaces but predominantly on Tertiary plateaus.","Cypress (Callitris glaucophylla) woodland on plains on deep sandy soils","Cypress (Callitris glaucophylla) woodland on plains on deep sandy soils","","9.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Fuel reduction burns will help restrict incursions by hot wildfires that will kill Callitris. Restrict extent and intensity of fires. Burn only under mild conditions. ","Some timber harvesting has occurred. This ecosystem poorly known. More information required to confirm conservation status.","","2","5","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Old loamy and sandy plains" "2.7.4","20704","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Eucalyptus leucophloia woodland. Shrub layer includes Acacia spp., Petalostigma quadriloculare, Cassia venusta and Calytrix microphylla. Grass layer dominated by Triodia pungens. Occurs on dissected landward margins of Tertiary surfaces; skeletal soils.","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low woodland on lateritic scarps on skeletal soils","Snappy gum (Eucalyptus leucophloia) low woodland on lateritic scarps on skeletal soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","","","","","2","7","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Ironstone jump-ups" "2.7.5","20705","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland dominated by Terminalia canescens and Corymbia setosa subsp. setosa. Common associates include Eucalyptus leucophylla, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Ventilago viminalis and Cochlospermum gregorii. Occasionally Corymbia confertiflora, C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia, Hakea arborescens and Dolichandrone heterophylla may be present. Grass layer dominated by Triodia pungens. Occurs on dissected landward margins of Tertiary surfaces; skeletal soils.","Terminalia canescens and rough-leaved bloodwood (Corymbia setosa subsp. pedicellaris) woodland on dissected plateau margins on skeletal soils","Terminalia canescens and rough-leaved bloodwood (Corymbia setosa subsp. pedicellaris) woodland on dissected plateau margins on skeletal soils","Christian et al. (1954), Westmoreland","7.","No representation.","","","","","2","7","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Ironstone jump-ups" "2.8.1","20801","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. woodlands. Occurs on narrow plains and rocky slopes on basalts; skeletal soils and krasnozems.","Eucalypt woodland on hills and lowlands on basalts","Eucalypt woodland on hills and lowlands on basalts","Perry et al. (1964), Boonderoo","9.","Great Basalt Wall NP and Undara Volcanic NP in the Einasleigh Uplands bioregion.","","","Includes a number of regional ecosystems on basalt.","","2","8","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Basalt plains and hills" "2.9.1","20901","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Grassland dominated by Astrebla squarrosa and A. lappacea. Occurs on rolling downs on fine-grained Cretaceous sediments; calcareous cracking clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.1a: Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass) and/or Aristida latifolia (feathertop) +/- Bothriochloa ewartiana (forest bluegrass) +/- Eulalia aurea (silky browntop) tussock grassland . Occurs on rolling downs on fine-grained Cretaceous sediments. 2.9.1ax40: Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass) and/or Aristida latifolia (feathertop) +/- Bothriochloa ewartiana (forest bluegrass) +/- Eulalia aurea (silky browntop) tussock grassland . Occurs on undulating downs on older alluvial deposits. 2.9.1ax42: Brachyachne convergens (native couch), Aristida latifolia (feathertop), Sporobolus australasicus Australian dropseed), Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass) and Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass) sparse tussock grassland to open tussock grassland +/- emergent shrubs including Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and Acacia cambagei (gidgee). Occurs on stony and sometimes slightly raised areas on plains. 2.9.1ax43: Iseilema membranaceum (small Flinders grass), Astrebla squarrosa (bull Mitchell grass) and Brachyachne convergens (native couch) open tussock grassland to sparse tussock grassland. Occurs on self-mulching clay plains. 2.9.1ax44: Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass) and Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) tussock grassland. Occurs on cracking clay plains. 2.9.1b: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) +/- Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) tall open shrubland to open shrubland with a sparse ground layer including Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop), Eulalia aurea (browntop) and Brachyachne convergens (couch). Occurs on mudstone plains. 2.9.1bx40: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and/or Acacia sutherlandii (corkwood wattle) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) tall open shrubland to open shrubland with a sparse ground layer including Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass), Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Eulalia aurea (silky browntop). Occurs on clay plains. 2.9.1cx40: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) +/- Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) +/- Acacia sutherlandii (corkwood wattle) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) low open woodland with a sparse ground layer of Aristida spp. (wire grass), Brachyachne convergens (couch) and Eulalia aurea (browntop). Occurs on stony and sometimes slightly raised areas on plains, with gilgais. 2.9.1x90: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) low open woodland with a ground layer of tussock grasses or hummock grasses. Occurs on Tertiary duricrust, often over Mesozoic sediments. 2.9.1x91: Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland. Occurs on gently undulating terrain with clayey soils on Mesozoic sediments. 2.9.1x92: Melaleuca viridiflora var. viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) or Petalostigma pubescens (quinine) or Terminalia canescens low open woodland. Occurs on gently undulating terrain on Mesozoic sediments. 2.9.1x93: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) or Corymbia grandifolia (large-leaved cabbage gum) or Petalostigma pubescens (quinine) +/- Petalostigma banksii (quinine) +/- Melaleuca citrolens (scrub teatree) low open woodland to open woodland with a ground layer of tussock grasses. Occurs on flat terrain on Mesozoic sediments.","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland downs on shale's on cracking clays","Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) grassland downs on shales on cracking clays","Neldner (1991), 42; Perry et al. (1964), Julia, Donaldson, Donors, Cowan, Percol","3, 5, 8.","No representation.","","","Outlier of Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion.","","2","9","","Grassland","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.2","20902","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Grassland dominated by Dichanthium spp. and Eulalia fulva ± Aristida latifolia. Occurs on rolling downs on fine-grained Cretaceous sediments; calcareous cracking clays. Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.2x2: Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa (snappy gum) low open woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. and a very sparse ground layer dominated by Eulalia aurea (silky browntop), Aristida pruinosa (Gulf wiregrass) and Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on gentle slopes with fine-grained surface rock.","Blue grass (Dichanthium spp.), browntop downs (Eulalia aurea) grassland on shale's on cracking clays","Blue grass (Dichanthium spp.), browntop downs (Eulalia aurea) grassland on shales on cracking clays","Perry et al. (1964), Punchbowl, Cowan, Donaldson, Donors, Manrika","8.","No representation.","","","","","2","9","","Grassland","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.3","20903","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Complex of deciduous scrub (including Terminalia spp., Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Dendrobium umbellatum) and grassland (including Themeda australis, Sorghum plumosum, Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium sp. and Iseilema sp.). Scattered Eucalyptus microneura or E. chlorophylla may occur. Occurs on undulating lowlands on Cretaceous and early Tertiary mudstones, and associated alluvial flats; deep dark cracking clays; Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.3a: Terminalia platyphylla (wild plum), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) deciduous low open woodland with a sparse shrub layer including juvenile trees, Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Dendrolobium arbuscula. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Dichanthium fecundum (Gulf bluegrass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on undulating mudstone/siltstone plains. 2.9.3b: Dichanthium fecundum (Gulf bluegrass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) tussock grassland wooded with low trees and shrubs including Terminalia platyphylla (wild plum), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia), Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) and Dendrolobium arbuscula. Occurs on mudstone/siltstone plains. 2.9.3c: Mixed species low closed forest including Memecylon pauciflorum, Xanthostemon umbrosus and Croton arnhemicus with a sparse shrub layer including Antidesma parvifolium and Bridelia tomentosa and a very sparse to mid-dense ground layer dominated by Panicum trichoides. Occurs on undulating mudstone plain.","Deciduous scrub and grasslands on deep cracking clays on mudstones","Deciduous scrub and grasslands on deep cracking clays on mudstones","Galloway et al. (1970), Maple, Brixton","6.","No representation.","An isolated example of closed forest, very limited extent (c.48ha).","STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Species in this vegetation unit may be eliminated by fire. Exclude fire, wherever possible. ","Area has been subject to extensive pasture development. More information required to verify conservation status. Area has been subject to extensive pasture development. More information required to verify conservation status. 2.9.3a: The introduced grass *Themeda quadrivalvis dominant in the ground layer in parts. 2.9.3b: The introduced grass *Themeda quadrivalvis dominant in parts. 2.9.3c: Subject to grazing. Fire could pose a threat. Limited in extent, north of the Mitchell River. Subject to grazing. Fire could pose a threat.","","2","9","","Mid-dense","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.4","20904","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodlands of Acacia cambagei, with an understorey dominated by Astrebla spp., Dichanthium spp. or Enneapogon spp.. Includes small areas of Enneapogon spp. grassland. Occurs on gently undulating downs on fine-textured Cretaceous sediments; calcareous cracking clays, often gravelly. Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.4a: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Ventilago viminalis +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland to woodland with a variable ground layer of Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or sometimes bare. Occurs on dissected gentle slopes on the margins of downs country. 2.9.4ax40: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland to woodland with a variable ground layer of Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or sometimes bare. Occurs on older alluvial silt and clay deposits. 2.9.4b: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) low woodland on yellow melonhole country. Occurs on low-lying plains associated with laterised Tertiary surface. 2.9.4c: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) low woodland with a very sparse ground layer of short tussock grasses or frequently bare. Occurs at base of laterised Tertiary surfaces. 2.9.4d: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Ventilago viminalis +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland to woodland with a variable ground layer of Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or sometimes bare. Occurs on near level to gently undulating downs on fine-textured Cretaceous sediments. 2.9.4dx40: Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Ventilago viminalis +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) low open woodland to woodland with a variable ground layer of Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or sometimes bare. Occurs on near level to gently undulating downs on Tertiary marine sediments. 2.9.4e: Eucalyptus pruinosa (silver box) low open woodland with a sparse to very sparse shrub layer of Acacia spp. and Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and a sparse ground layer of tussock grasses +/- Triodia pungens (soft spinifex). Occurs on undulating plains and low rises with outcropping limestone/mudstone. 2.9.4f: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and Acacia cambagei (gidgee) +/- Acacia farnesiana (mimosa) +/- Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) +/- Grevillea striata (beefwood) +/- Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) +/- Owenia acidula (emu apple) low open woodland with a patchy shrub layer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry) and a sparse ground layer including Eulalia aurea (browntop), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and short grasses. Occurs on mudstone plains with surface gravel. 2.9.4x1: Enneapogon spp. open tussock grassland very sparsely wooded with scattered trees including Ventilago viminalis (supplejack), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Denhamia oleaster, Owenia acidula (emu apple), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) and Acacia cambagei (gidgee). Occurs on outcropping fine grained sedimentary rock on downs. 2.9.4x1a: Enneapogon spp. and/or Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) +/- Aristida latifolia (feathertop) +/- Eulalia aurea (silky browntop) tussock grassland to open tussock grassland +/- scattered low trees including Ventilago viminalis (supplejack), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Denhamia oleaster, Owenia acidula (emu apple), Alectryon oleifolius (boonaree), Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) and Acacia cambagei (gidgee). Occurs on outcropping fine grained sedimentary rock on downs. 2.9.4x1b: Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) and/or Alectryon oleifolius (boonaree) and/or Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) and/or Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (bauhinia) and/or Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) and/or Owenia acidula (emu apple) low open woodland with a very sparse shrublayer including Carissa lanceolata (conkerberry), Alectryon oleifolius suckers and Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant bush) and a sparse ground layer of Enneapogon spp., Eulalia aurea (silky browntop), Astrebla pectinata (barley Mitchell grass), Aristida latifolia (feathertop) and Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass). In places dominated by Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel). Occurs on outcropping fine grained sedimentary rock on downs.","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low woodland on shale's on cracking clays","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low woodland on shales on cracking clays","Neldner (1991), 8, 26, 44; Perry et al. (1964), Punchbowl, Cowan, Donaldson, Donors","8.","No representation.","","SEASON: See issues. INTENSITY: Moderate. INTERVAL: 6-10 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Too frequent fire may disadvantage and reduce extent of this vegetation type. Avoid fires at the hottest time of the year, when extent of fires cannot be controlled. Mild fires will be useful in reducing fuel loads and fire spread in later fires. Moderate fires may assist in regeneration of hard-seeded spp. ","Subject to clearing for pasture development and to loss of ground cover due to high total grazing pressures. Survey required to verify condition.","","2","9","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.5","20905","Not of concern","Of concern","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Low woodlands of Acacia cambagei (gidgee). Occurs on depressions in sand plains, where underlying Cretaceous sediments are exposed; calcareous cracking clays.","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low woodland in depressions on sand plains","Gidgee (Acacia cambagei) low woodland in depressions on sand plains","Perry et al. (1964), Korong, Percol, Murgulla, Bylong","5, 8.","No representation.","","SEASON: Avoid fires at hottest time of year. INTENSITY: Moderate. INTERVAL: 6-10 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Buffer as indicated by fuel build-up in surrounding vegetation. ISSUES: Protect from fires until gidgee old enough to produce seed. Too frequent fire may disadvantage and reduce extent of this vegetation type. Avoid fires at the hottest time of the year, when extent of fires cannot be controlled. Mild fires will be useful in reducing fuel loads and fire spread in later fires. Moderate fires may assist in regeneration of hard-seeded (gidgee) spp. ","Subject to loss of ground cover due to high total grazing pressures, and to clearing for pasture development.","","2","9","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.6","20906","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Melaleuca citrolens and M. viridiflora. woodland with Corymbia polycarpa, Eucalyptus persistens, E. microneura and Petalostigma banksii. Occurs on undulating lowlands and footslopes on Cretaceous and early Tertiary mudstones; bleached grey and brown earths, with some texture contrast soils on lower slopes. Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.6a: Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) or Eucalyptus microneura (Georgetown box) +/- Corymbia terminalis (desert bloodwood) open woodland to woodland. A mid layer is generally absent and the variable ground layer can be dominated by any of the grasses Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass), Brachyachne spp., Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) or Capillipedium sp. Occurs on undulating low rises and rolling plains on Mesozoic sediments. 2.9.6x40: Melaleuca acacioides (black teatree) tall shrubland to open shrubland with very sparse shrub layer usually with Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white current bush). The ground layer is very sparse usually with Panicum mindanaense present. Occurs on gentle undulating to undulating terrain on fine-grained Mesozoic sediments with clayey soil.","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) and bloodwood (Corymbia polycarpa) woodland on pale earths on mudstones","Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) and bloodwood (Corymbiaþpolycarpa) woodland on pale earths on mudstones","Galloway et al. (1970), Annaly, Brixton","6.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season, with occasional storm burn or late dry season fire of limited extent. INTENSITY: Hot. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Fire exclusion and/or mild early dry season fires will benefit broad-leaved ti-tree at the expense of ground layer species, causing vegetation thickening. Late dry season fires and storm-burn help to restore the dominance of grasses. Ideally, hot fires are required to maintain the structure of this community. However, early dry to mid-season fires are likely to be of only light to moderate intensity. Hot fires should only be lit where their containment can be guaranteed. ","Area has been subject to extensive pasture development. Severe infestation by rubber vine *Cryptostegia grandiflora. More information required to confirm conservation status.","","2","9","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "2.9.7","20907","Not of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny leaved box). Occurs on plains on shallow unconsolidated Tertiary deposits overlying Tertiary and Cretaceous mudstones; loamy yellow earths, some brown clays with gravel and lateritic concretions. Major vegetation communities include: 2.9.7x1: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) +/- Corymbia confertiflora (rough-leaved cabbage gum) +/- Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) +/- Erythrophleum chlorostachys (ironwood) +/- Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood) +/- Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) woodland. Occurs on low outcropping rises and hills on Cretaceous mudstone and siltstone. 2.9.7x2: Corymbia erythrophloia (red bloodwood), Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) and Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) woodland. Occurs on low rises on Cretaceous mudstone and siltstone. 2.9.7x90: Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah) open woodland. Occurs on undulating terrain with clayey soil on Mesozoic sediments.","Eucalyptus chlorophylla woodland on lowlands on earths and clays","Eucalyptus chlorophylla woodland on lowlands on earths and clays","Galloway et al. (1970), Brixton, Maple","6.","No representation.","","SEASON: Mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ISSUES: Moisture retention means that these flats need burning later in the year than surrounding vegetation, so perimeter burns are advisable. ","Extensive pasture development has occurred in area. More information required to confirm conservation status.","","2","9","","Sparse","Gulf Plains ","Undulating country on fine grained sedimentary rocks" "3.12.10","31210","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Woodland to sometimes low woodland of Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) ± Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s ironbark) ± Corymbia stockeri ssp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood). There is often a very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer and a sparse shrub layer is usually present. Occurs extensively on acid volcanic ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.10a: Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (6-24m tall). Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s ironbark) is usually present as a subdominant canopy species. Other Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. may be present in the canopy and are occasionally subdominant. Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Acacia disparrima subsp. calidestris (black wattle) are frequent species in the very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (2-8m tall). The sparse shrub layer (0.2-3m tall) is dominated by the same species. The ground layer is sparse to dense and dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs extensively on acid volcanic ranges. 3.12.10b: Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) dominates the sparse canopy (9-18m tall). Corymbia stockerisubsp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) is usually present as a subdominant species. Other Eucalyptus spp. and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) may be present in the canopy and are occasionally subdominant. Planchonia careya (cocky apple), Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis, Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) are frequent species in the very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (2-13m tall). The shrub layer (0.3-2m tall) is very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by a variety of species. The grasses Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon contortus (black speargreass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass) and Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass) dominate the very sparse to mid-dense, ground layer. Occurs on granite hills. 3.12.10x1: Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia dallachiana ± Eucalyptus spp. woodland to open-woodland with a very sparse subcanopy of Dendrolobium arbuscula. A sparse shrub layer includes Dolichandrone heterophylla, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides and Grevillea mimosoides. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Sarga plumosum ± Chamaecrista absus. Occurs on acid volcanic hills.","Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland. On acid volcanic ranges","Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland. On acid volcanic ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 70-12; 71-12, Fox & Wilson (2004); w65-12c.","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","Lockhart River","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.11","31211","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Corymbia stockeri ssp. peninsularis dominates the sparse canopy (7-22m tall), with Welchiodendron longivalve the most frequent subdominant species. Other Eucalyptus spp. are sometimes present as subdominant trees. The sparse to very sparse, sub canopy (4-15m tall) and shrub (0.5-4m tall) layers consist of a variety of species, with Corymbia stockeri ssp. peninsularis and W. longivalve dominating these layers. Dalbergia densa var. australis is a frequent shrub in this unit on the Torres Strait Islands. The ground layer is sparse, and dominated by Heteropogon triticeus, Arundinella sp., Scleria spp. and the daisy Wollastonia biflora. Occurs most extensively on the ranges and hills.","Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis ± Welchiodendron longivalve woodland on Torres Strait Islands","Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis ± Welchiodendron longivalve woodland on Torres Strait Islands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 74","1, 2, 3.","Iron Range NP, Iron Range RR","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","Southern Torres Strait islands. In vegetation unit 74A Eucalyptus cullenii dominates or is co dominant with Welchiodendron longivalve, Acacia brassii and Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis in a woodland (10-14m tall). The sparse sub canopy (6-8m tall) is dominated by Acacia brassii, Bursaria incana var. septentrionalis, Cochlospermum gillivraei and Welchiodendron longivalve.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.12","31212","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (22-28m tall). E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) is often present as a subdominant canopy tree. A number of other Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. may form minor components of the canopy. Eucalyptus brassiana (Cape York red gum) occurs as a co dominant canopy species at a number of sites. The very sparse sub canopy tree layer (4-8m tall) is dominated by C. nesophila, Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle), Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) and Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs). The shrub layer (0.5-2.5m tall) is very sparse. Acacia flavescens, Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood), Corymbia nesophila and Persoonia falcata (geebung) are the most frequently encountered species. The ground layer varies from sparse to sparse to mid-dense. The dominant grasses are Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass), Aristida sp. (three-awned speargrass) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass). Common forbs include Spermacoce sp., Cyanthillium cinereum and Flemingia parviflora (flemingia). Mainly occurs on granitic hills.","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus crebra ± E. brassiana woodland on wet coastal granitic hills in southeast","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus crebra ± E. brassiana woodland on wet coastal granitic hills in southeast","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 82","1, 2.","Small areas of REs 3.3.26, 3.3.27, 3.11.13, 3.12.12 or 3.12.13 occur in Black Mountain NP, Endeavour River NP, Mount Cook NP and Mount Webb NP.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","South-east of bioregion.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.13","31213","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (15-18m tall). C. stockeri subsp. peninsularis is consistently present usually as a subdominant canopy tree. Scattered Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) were frequently present. The very sparse sub canopy tree layer (6-10m tall) includes Xylomelum scottianum (woody pear), Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree), A. leptocarpa (wattle) and Grevillea parallela (beefwood). The shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is sparse. Jacksonia thesioides occurs at high densities in this layer. Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Aristida sp. (three-awned speargrass) and Eulalia mackinlayi (silky browntop) are common dominant species in the very sparse ground layer. Mainly occurs on acid volcanic hills and ranges.","Corymbia nesophila ± C. hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on acid volcanic hills","Corymbia nesophila ± C. hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on acid volcanic hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 82c","1, 2.","Small areas of REs 3.3.26, 3.3.27, 3.11.13, 3.12.12 or 3.12.13 occur in Black Mountain NP, Endeavour River NP, Mount Cook NP, Mount Webb NP.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","Torres Strait islands.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.14","31214","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) ± Corymbia stockeri ssp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) or Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) ± E.tetrodonta. There is a sparse to very sparse sub canopy layer and a very sparse to sparse shrub layer is generally present. Occurs on acid volcanic hills and ridges Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.14a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) dominates the sparse canopy (12-17m tall). Corymbia stockeri ssp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) is always present and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is often present as subdominant canopy trees. Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) is sometimes present and may be co dominant at some sites. E.  tetrodonta, Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs) and Melaleuca stenostachya (a teatree) are the most frequent trees in the very sparse sub canopy layer (4-12m tall). A very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.2-1.8m tall) is present. Acacia calyculata (a wattle) and less frequently Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree) dominate this layer. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by the grasses, Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass) and Pseudopogonatherum contortum (a grass) and the forbs Spermacoce spp. and Crotalaria medicaginea (trefoil rattle pod). Occurs sporadically on rises and ridges. 3.12.14b: Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) Eucalyptus hylandii and E. tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) are the dominant species in the sparse canopy (10-15m tall). E. chlorophylla and E. cullenii are frequently present as subdominant trees. The very sparse shrub layer is composed of a variety of species that may dominate at different sites, Corymbia stockeri, E. tetrodonta and Petalostigma banksii (quinine berry) the most frequent dominants. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by the grasses, Triodia microstachya (spinifex), Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass), Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass) and Digitaria sp. Occurs on acid volcanic hills","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on rises and ridges","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on rises and ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 99, 76b-12. Fox & Wilson (2004); w63-12c.","1.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","Coen-Yamba Inlier and the Altanmoui Range","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.15","31215","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland to open forest of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) ± Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) There is a sparse sub canopy layer and a sparse low shrub layer is usually present. Occurs on low hills on granites Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.15a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a distinct but discontinuous sparse to mid-dense canopy (12-20m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) occurs as a subdominant canopy species. Melaleuca spp. (teatree), Acacia spp. (wattle) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) form a sparse sub canopy layer (6-12m tall). A sparse low shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) dominated by Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. are usually present. The ground layer is usually sparse and dominated by the grasses Imperata cylindrica (blady grass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass) and Alloteropsis semialata (cockatoo grass) and the mat rush, Lomandra sp. Occurs on low hills on granites 3.12.15b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a distinct but discontinuous sparse to mid-dense canopy (12-20m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) occurs as a subdominant canopy species. Melaleuca spp. (teatree), Acacia spp. (wattle) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) form a sparse sub canopy layer (6-12m tall). A sparse low shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) dominated by Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia ssp. are usually present. The ground layer is usually sparse and dominated by the grasses Imperata cylindrica (blady grass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass) and Alloteropsis semialata (cockatoo grass) and the mat rush, Lomandra sp. Occurs on metamorphic low hills 3.12.15x1a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a sparse to mid-dense canopy (14-26m tall). Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) is often present and sometimes co dominant in the canopy. C. tessellaris (carbeen) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) are also frequently present in the canopy. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens (powderpuff wattle), Parinari nonda (nonda plum), Grevillea parallela (beefwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). Livistona muelleri (dwarf fan palm) is common in the sub canopy tree layer and dominated this layer at one site. The very sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is composed of a variety of young trees and shrubby regrowth. The ground layer is usually sparse to mid-dense and frequently dominated by Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass), Dianella sp., Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on granite ranges. 3.12.15x1b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) and Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominate the very sparse to mid-dense canopy (10-28m tall). In most situations both species are present and co dominant however C. nesophila may be dominant or occasionally absent. Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) is sometimes present in the canopy. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (8-20m tall) is present with Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood), just below the canopy, Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs), Parinari nonda (nonda plum) and Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle) the most frequent species. A very sparse low tree layer (2-8m tall) is sometimes present. The shrub layer (0.3-2.5m tall) is dominated mainly by species that also occur in the tree layers and is sparse to mid-dense. The shrub layer of recently burnt areas is usually mid-dense. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses. Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Thaumastochloa spp. and Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass) frequently dominating the ground layer biomass. Occurs on granite ranges. 3.12.15x1c: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a distinct but discontinuous canopy (9-25m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) is a subdominant to co dominant canopy species. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (5-12m tall) is characterised by Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs) and Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle). Scattered low trees (2-6m tall) are sometimes present and a very sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is dominated by heath shrubs such as Jacksonia thesioides, Neoroepera banksii, Choriceras tricorne (Cape choriceras), Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Acacia calyculata (a wattle). These often occur at high densities. The ground layer is usually very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by the sedge Schoenus sparteus and the grasses Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and Eulalia mackinlayi (silky browntop). Occurs on granite ranges.","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on low hills on granites","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on low hills on granites","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 105; 105-11","1.","Iron Range NP","Conspicuous ground layer of Imperata cylindrica and Mnesithea rottboellioides.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","West of Lockhart River.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.16","31216","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Woodland to low woodland of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) or M. stenostachya (teatree). Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) or Corymbia stockeri may be present as part of the canopy or as an emergent tree. A very sparse to sparse shrub layer with a variety of species is usually present. Associated with granitic hills. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.16a: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) together with Asteromyrtus brassii, M. stenostachya (teatree) and sometimes Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree) dominate the sparse canopy (4-11m tall). Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is present as part of the canopy or as an emergent tree (8-12m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-1m tall) is present where Asteromyrtus brassii, Choriceras tricorne (Cape choriceras) and Neofabricia myrtifolia are often common. The ground layer is sparse and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). Eriachne sp. (wanderrie grass), Schoenus sparteus and Aristida latifolia (three-awned speargrass) are frequent components of the ground layer. Associated with granitic hills. 3.12.16b: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) together with Asteromyrtus brassii, M. stenostachya (teatree) and sometimes Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree) dominate the sparse canopy (4-11m tall). Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is present as part of the canopy or as an emergent tree (8-12m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-1m tall) is present where Asteromyrtus brassii, Choriceras tricorne (Cape choriceras) and Neofabricia myrtifolia are often common. The ground layer is sparse and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). Eriachne sp. (wanderrie grass), Schoenus sparteus and Aristida latifolia (three-awned speargrass) are frequent components of the ground layer. Associated with metamorphic hills. 3.12.16c: Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) dominates the sparse canopy (8-12m tall). Acacia leptostachya (a wattle) is generally subdominant in both the canopy and sub canopy layers. Scattered Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus tetrodonta trees are occasionally present and may emerge above the canopy. A. leptostachya, Jacksonia thesioides, Lithomyrtus retusa, Petalostigma banksii (quinine bush), Melaleuca stenostachya and Neofabricia sericisepala (yellow teatree) are the most abundant shrubs in the very sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall). The ground layer is very sparse. The graminoids, Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass), Thaumastochloa sp., Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass) and Schoenus sparteus making up most of the biomass. Occurs on granite ranges.","Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus brassii woodland. Associated with granitic hills","Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus brassii woodland. Associated with granitic hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 107; 107-11; 106-12","1.","Iron Range NP, Iron Range RR,","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","West of Lockhart River.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.17","31217","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy (11-22m tall). Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) is always present in the canopy. Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) is sometimes present with E. leptophleba and occasionally replaces it as the dominant canopy tree. Scattered E. cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) trees are sometimes present. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (4-10m tall) is usually present where Eucalyptus leptophleba, Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush), Erythroxylum ellipticum (matchwood) and Brachychiton garrawayae kurrajong) are the most commonly encountered species. Antidesma ghaesembilla (black currant), Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant), Planchonia careya (cocky apple), Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Dendrolobium umbellatum and Grewia retusifolia (dog’s balls) are usually the primary species in a very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall). The ground layer is mid-dense to dense and dominated by a variety of grasses including Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) and Themeda triandra. Occurs on igneous hills and ranges.","Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia papuana open woodland on igneous hills and ranges","Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia papuana open woodland on igneous hills and ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 115-12","1.","Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Coen Inlier.","","3","12","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.1.1","30101","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Closed forest to low closed forest of Rhizophora stylosa (red mangrove) and/or Bruguiera gymnorhiza (large-fruited orange mangrove). A sparse to open shrub layer usually occurs.The mangrove species mix can vary with the influence of freshwater and spring tides. Occurs as the outer mangroves, on unconsolidated mud's. Major vegetation communities include: 3.1.1a: Rhizophora stylosa (red mangrove) often completely dominates, forming a very even, closed canopy (5-30m tall) however, in other areas, the canopy is more uneven and discontinuous. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (large-fruited orange mangrove) may be co dominant with R. stylosa in areas close to streamlines. While Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) often occurs at the outer edge of the mangroves. Other mangrove tree species may be present, particularly in areas inland from the seaward edge. The palm, Nypa fruticans occurs in the tidal reaches of the Wenlock, Ducie, Pascoe and McIvor Rivers. A sparse sub canopy layer (2-10m tall) is sometimes present. Aegialitis annulata (club mangrove), Osbornia octodonta (myrtle mangrove) and Aegiceras corniculatum (river mangrove) are frequent shrubs (0.3-8m tall). Pemphis acidula is a common shrub on the islands. The ground layer is bare of herbaceous plants. The arching prop roots of the Rhizophora spp. form a dense, intermeshed network above the exposed mud. Occurs as the outer mangroves, on unconsolidated mud's. Occurs as the outer mangroves, on unconsolidated mud's. 3.1.1b: A closed, uneven canopy (9-25m tall) is formed of predominantly Bruguiera spp. Other mangroves are frequently part of the canopy. Shrubs and herbaceous plants are usually absent. The knobbly pnuemataphores of the Bruguiera spp. arising from the mud are a characteristic feature of this variant It occurs in a zone landward of the Rhizophora spp. closed-forest on estuarine mudflats and alluvial stream banks flooded by spring tides to shallow depths (<0.5m), but is not always present. The substrate is firm, fine-grained mud, which is constantly reworked and tunneled by burrowing organisms. 3.1.1c: Tall, buttressed trees of Heritiera littoralis (looking glass mangrove) dominate a fairly even canopy (21-28m tall). Other tree species are frequently present in the canopy and a shrub layer (1.5 to 3.5m tall) is often present. In places, Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput tree) is the most frequent canopy species. The fern Acrostichum speciosum (mangrove fern) is quite dense in some areas and dominates the ground layer. Usually occurs as a narrow zone on the landward margin of the mangroves at or above the level of spring tides.","Closed forest of Rhizophora stylosa ± Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Occurs as outer mangroves","Closed forest of Rhizophora stylosa ± Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Occurs as outer mangroves","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 34, 34A, 34B","1, 2, 4, 6, Great Barrier Reef.","Cape Melville NP, Endeavour River NP, Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP, Lakefield NP","Highest structural and floristic development of mangroves in Australia. Important habitat for estuarine crocodiles, and vulnerable butterfly Hypochrysops apollo and two other jewel butterflies H. narcissus and H. apelles.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Wenlock, Ducie, Pascoe and McIvor Rivers. Lines tidal rivers. Vegetation communities 3.1.1b & 3.1.1c only occur in small areas throughout the bioregion.","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.1.2","30102","Of concern","Of concern","Under review","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) dominates the mid-dense canopy (5-15m tall). Ceriops tagal (yellow mangrove) is co dominant tree in some situations. Other mangroves may be present as well. A sparse sub canopy tree layer (2-10m tall) is occasionally present where Lumnitzera racemosa (black mangrove), Ceriops tagal and Excoecaria agallocha (milky mangrove) are the most abundant species. A very sparse shrub layer is sometimes present. The ground layer is absent or very sparse. Associated with landward side of mangrove zone.","Avicennia marina ± Ceriops tagal low open forest landward side of mangroves","Avicennia marina ± Ceriops tagal low open forest landward side of mangroves","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 131","2, 6, 9, Great Barrier Reef.","Endeavour River NP, Lakefield NP","Provides estuarine wetland habitat.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Most extensive around Princess Charlotte Bay.","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.1.3","30103","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Ceriops tagal (yellow mangrove) frequently forms almost pure stands. The canopy is even and dense (3-16m tall). The dark buttressed trunks of this species are a distinctive feature of this unit. The smooth light-coloured trunks of Avicennia marina (grey mangrove), when present, stand out in contrast. This species may occur as emergent trees (5-11m tall) or may form part of the canopy. A sparse shrub layer (0.3-5m tall) is often present and generally dominated by Ceriops tagal. Vascular plants are generally absent from the ground layer. Extensive on intertidal areas throughout the bioregion.","Ceriops tagal ± Avicennia marina low closed forest. Extensive on intertidal areas","Ceriops tagal ± Avicennia marina low closed forest. Extensive on intertidal areas","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 132","1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, Great Barrier Reef.","Cape Melville NP, Endeavour River NP, Heathlands RR, Iron Range NP, Iron Range RR, Jardine River NP, Lakefield NP.","","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.1.4","30104","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Multi-stemmed Excoecaria agallocha trees usually dominate the mid-dense to dense canopy (8-15m tall). Lumnitzera racemosa may dominate at some localities, while Avicennia marina is a frequent subdominant canopy tree. Aegiceras corniculatum dominates the variable shrub layer which ranges in height from 0.2 to 6 metres tall, and in PFC from 1 to 75%. The ground is usually covered with bare mud and a sparse covering of leaf litter. Associated with upper tidal reaches of rivers.","Excoecaria agallocha ± Aegiceras corniculata closed scrub. Upper tidal reaches of rivers","Excoecaria agallocha ± Aegiceras corniculata closed scrub. Upper tidal reaches of rivers","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 160","4, 6, 8, 9.","Lakefield NP","Provides estuarine wetland habitat.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.1.5","30105","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch) dominates dense, often monospecific swards (20-60cm high). Woody plants are generally absent, although on the western coastline scattered mangroves shrubs (0.5-1m tall) are present in some areas. A few grasses and forbs are present where S. virginicus occurs less densely. Fimbristylis sp. is consistently present and the halophytes Halosarcia spp. and Sesuvium portulacastrum dominate in patches. Occurs on coastal plains, occasionally subjected to saltwater inundation.","Sporobolus virginicus closed tussock grassland. Occurs on coastal plains","Sporobolus virginicus closed tussock grassland. Occurs on coastal plains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 185","6, 7, 9, Great Barrier Reef.","Lakefield NP","Provides estuarine wetland habitat.","SEASON: Early dry season. INTENSITY: Cool. INTERVAL: Annual. STRATEGY: Burn only under mild conditions. ","Lakefield and on west coast. Scattered clumps of Parkinsonia aculeata* (parkinsonia) shrubs may occur in some areas.","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.1.6","30106","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Most of the ground surface is bare. Halosarcia spp. (samphires) predominate in some areas forming a very sparse-herbland (0.1-0.5m tall). Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch) and Xerochloa imberbis may be dominant in small patches. Low rises in the saltpans and the saltpan margins tend to support slightly denser populations of Halosarcia spp. Associated with salt plains and saline flats.","Sparse herbland or bare saltpans. Associated with salt plains and saline flats","Sparse herbland or bare saltpans. Associated with salt plains and saline flats","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 194","1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, Great Barrier Reef.","Cape Melville NP, Endeavour River NP, Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP, Lakefield NP .","Provides estuarine wetland habitat.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. Low fuel loads and sparse vegetation limits fire spread. ","Great Barrier Reef islands. A variant is Sesuvium portulacastrum closed-herblands. Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora and Suaeda australis are frequent subdominant species. These species, together with Halosarcia spp., may dominate some island rock platforms, and have been described by Stoddart and Fosberg (1991) as unit 3B. Pemphis acidula shrubs (1m tall) are occasionally present. A second variant is a woody forbland dominated by Suriana maritima with Myoporum acuminatum and Capparis spinosa. It is found on some shingle beaches on islands.","","3","1","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Tidal flats and beaches" "3.10.1","31001","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","A dense, even canopy (18-30m tall) is dominated by a variety of species including Buchanania arborescens, Syzygium forte subsp. forte, Blepharocarya involucrigera, Carallia brachiata, Mallotus polyadenos, Alstonia scholaris, Flindersia bourjotiana and Dillenia alata. A sparse, sub canopy tree layer (8-20m tall) is often present. A number of palms may be present including Ptychosperma elegans, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Hydriastele wendlandiana and Licuala ramsayi. Frequent low trees are Chionanthus ramiflora, Gomphandra australiana, Helicia australasica and Mallotus polyadenos. Deciduous trees such as Wrightia laevis may be present occasionally in both the canopy and sub canopy. A variable shrub/low tree layer (1-8m tall) is present with Cleistanthus apodus, Glycosmis trifoliata, Kibara rigidifolia, Mischocarpus exangulatus and Atractocarpus sessilis the most commonly encountered species. The ground layer is usually very sparse with scattered herbs and grasses. Scattered vines such as Flagellaria indica, Pararistolochia deltantha, Austrosteenisia blackii, Mucuna gigantea and Freycinetia excelsa climb into the canopy. Scattered epiphytic ferns such as Asplenium australasicum may be present in the canopy. Restricted to sandstone gullies.","Evergreen mesophyll/notophyll vine forest. Restricted to sandstone gullies","Evergreen mesophyll/notophyll vine forest. Restricted to sandstone gullies","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 17","2.","No representation.","High diversity of vascular plants, many with restricted distributions. High frequency of palms. Often receive continuous moisture from permanent springs. The rare species Cinnamomum baileyanum, Harpullia arborea and Macrostelia grandiflora subsp. grandifolia occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation ","Cooktown area. The presence of the palms, Ptychosperma elegans, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Hydriastele wendlandiana and Licuala ramsayi, and trees such as Dillenia alata reflect this moist environment.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.10","31010","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) +/- Corymbia stockeri, C. nesophila co dominate the sparse canopy. C. nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) is present at most sites as a subdominant canopy tree. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer is dominated by the same Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. which are found in the canopy and by Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle), Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs), Parinari nonda (nonda) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood). The shrub layer varies from mid-dense to very sparse and is composed of a variety of species which may vary from site to site. The most commonly encountered species in this layer are Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. that also occur in the tree layer and Planchonia careya. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by the grasses Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on sandstone plateaus and slopes.","Eucalyptus tetrodonta +/- Corymbia stockeri, C. nesophila woodland on sandstone plateaus & slopes","Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Corymbia stockeri ± C. nesophila woodland on plateaus","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 100","1, 4.","Mungkan Kandju NP, Starcke National Park.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires, because intense and extensive fires degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Central Peninsula.","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.11","31011","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a distinct but discontinuous canopy (9-25m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) is a subdominant to co dominant canopy species. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (5-12m tall) is characterised by Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs) and Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle). Scattered low trees (2-6m tall) are sometimes present and a very sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is dominated by heath shrubs such as Jacksonia thesioides, Neoroepera banksii, Choriceras tricorne (Cape choriceras), Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Acacia calyculata (a wattle). These often occur at high densities. The ground layer is usually very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by the sedge Schoenus sparteus and the grasses Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and Eulalia mackinlayi (silky browntop). Occurs most extensively on low undulating sandstone hills in the north. Occurs most extensively on low undulating sandstone hills","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on undulating sandstone hills","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on undulating sandstone hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 102","1, 2, 4, 7.","No representation.","The rare species Tinospora angusta has been recorded in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires, because intense and extensive fires degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Northern part of bioregion. Callitris intratropica emergents and Leucopogon species shrubs are more frequent on the lowlands than on the McHenry plateau.","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.12","31012","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Allocasuarina littoralis usually dominate the fairly even, mid-dense canopy (6-10m tall). Multi-stemmed Welchiodendron longivalve trees are also frequently conspicuous in the canopy. A sparse sub canopy layer (2-6m tall) is frequently dominated by Dodonaea polyandra and Allocasuarina littoralis, while a sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) dominated by Alyxia spicata, Dodonaea polyandra, Choriceras tricorne or Exocarpos latifolius species is usually present. The ground layer is very sparse with Schoenus sparteus, Cleistochloa spp., Lomandra spp., Alloteropsis semialata, Eulalia mackinlayi and Gahnia aspera being the most frequent species. Occurs on sandy plateaus and, in places, on lateritised profiles.","Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia low open forest on sandstone plains","Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia low open forest on sandstone plains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 135","4.","Heathlands RR, Jardine River NP","The rare species Xanthostemon xerophilus occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Shrub floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","Northern part of bioregion. Callitris intratropica emergents and Leucopogon species shrubs are more frequent on the lowlands than on the McHenry plateau.","","3","10","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.13","31013","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree) and Asteromyrtus brassii dominate the sparse to mid-dense canopy (7-17m tall). Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree), Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) also occur at high densities in the canopy. Callitris intratropica (cypress pine) may form part of the canopy but more frequently is an emergent tree (9-20m tall). The mid-dense sub canopy layer (2-6m tall) is dominated by Leucopogon yorkensis. This species is also frequent in the very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall), together with Alyxia spicata (chain fruit), Asteromyrtus brassii and Leucopogon ruscifolius. Epiphytic orchids and ant plants are frequent on the trunks of the trees and shrubs. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by the graminoids, Cleistochloa sp., Schoenus sparteus and Arthrostylis aphylla. Occurs on plains and low rises.","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Asteromyrtus brassii low open forest on plains and low rises","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Asteromyrtus brassii low open forest on plains and low rises","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 140","4.","Jardine River NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","Jardine River catchment's and Harmer Creek.","","3","10","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.14","31014","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Allocasuarina littoralis dominates the sparse canopy (6-10m tall). Acacia crassicarpa, Grevillea glauca and Melaleuca viridiflora are frequent subdominant trees. A sparse shrub layer (0.3-4m tall) is generally present, and consists of a variety of shrubs. The sparse ground layer is usually dominated by Schoenus sparteus, Digitaria ramularis and Triodia microstachya. Occurs on sandstone plateaus and hill crests.","Allocasuarina littoralis ± Acacia crassicarpa low woodland on sandstone plateaus","Allocasuarina littoralis ± Acacia crassicarpa low woodland on sandstone plateaus","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 141","1, 2.","Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","A variant (vegetation unit 141A) occurs on the crests and upper slopes of the high mountains west of Lockhart River. It forms an open-heath (1.3-2.0m tall) dominated by Allocasuarina littoralis, Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Beyeria tristigma, Choriceras tricorne and Hibbertia banksii forma banksii. A sparse low shrub layer (0.5-1m tall) is also present, with C. tricorne, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Hibbertia spp. dominating this layer.","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.15","31015","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low woodland to low open woodland of Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) ± Eucalyptus spp. An open sub-canopy often occurs with the shrub layer ranging from none to scattered shrubs. Occurs on sandstone hill slopes. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.15a: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) trees dominate the very sparse to sparse canopy (6-10m tall). Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and M. foliolosa (scale-leaved teatree) frequently occur as scattered sub canopy trees (4-8m tall). Scattered shrubs (0.5-2m tall) are frequently present. The sparse ground layer is usually dominated by the perennial grasses Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and H. contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on sandstone hill slopes. 3.10.15b: Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy. Other Eucalyptus spp. are occasionally present in the canopy. Scattered Hakea persiehana (bootlace oak), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) are sometimes present as sub canopy trees. A shrub layer is rarely formed but scattered Dolichandrone heterophylla (dolichandrone), Grewia retusifolia (dog’s balls) and Melaleuca viridiflora shrubs tall may be present. The ground layer is sparse to dense and dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Themeda arguens, T. triandra (kangaroo grass) and Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum (Queensland bluegrass). Occurs sandstone hills.","Eucalyptus chlorophylla low open woodland on sandstone hillslopes","Eucalyptus chlorophylla ± Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland on sandstone hillslopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 150, 113-10","2, 5, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP, Starcke NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires, because intense and extensive fires degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","South of bioregion.","","3","10","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.16","31016","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low open woodland to woodland of Melaleuca stenostachya (fibre-barked teatree) and/or Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). A tall shrubland of M. citrolens (lemon-scented teatree) may also dominate in some areas. A sparse shrub layer of the canopy layer species may occasionally occur. Occurs on sandstone ranges & footslopes. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.16a: Melaleuca stenostachya (fibre-barked teatree) trees dominate the sparse canopy (7-10m tall). Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) is a frequent canopy tree. Scattered emergent Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) trees (12-13m tall) are often present. A sparse shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) may be present. The ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Schoenus sparteus, Arundinella setosa (reed grass) and Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass). Occurs on sandstone ranges. 3.10.16b: Melaleuca viridiflora, frequently together with M. stenostachya, dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy. A very sparse sub canopy tree layer is usually present, and dominated by Petalostigma banksii, M. foliolosa and M. stenostachya. Scattered shrubs consisting mainly of the same species plus Croton arnhemicus and M. viridiflora are sometimes present. Xanthorrhoea johnsonii dominates in some areas. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by Sarga plumosum, Alloteropsis semialata, Arundinella setosa and Eremochloa bimaculata. Occurs on sandstone plateaus 3.10.16c: Tall shrubs of Melaleuca citrolens (lemon-scented teatree) usually with M. foliolosa (scale-leaved teatree) dominate the very sparse to sparse canopy. A sparse low shrub layer is usually present. The ground layer is short and very sparse, with Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass) and Fimbristylis spp. being the most commonly encountered species. Bare areas are common. Occurs on sandstone footlsopes. 3.10.16x1: Melaleuca viridiflora, (broad-leaved teatree) together with Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak), Asteromyrtus brassii and sometimes Acacia brassii (Brass’s wattle) dominate the sparse canopy (4-12m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and less frequently Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) are present as emergent trees (9-16m tall). The same species dominate the sparse low tree layer (2-5m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with Acacia calyculata, Persoonia falcata (geebung), Hibbertia banksii forma banksii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Choriceras tricorne (Cape Choriceras) occurring at the highest densities. The ground layer is sparse, and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). Commonly encountered graminoids include Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grasses), Schoenus sparteus and Cleistochloa spp. Occurs on sandstone ranges & footslopes.","Melaleuca stenostachya ± M. viridiflora ± M. citrolens low open woodland on sandstone ranges","Melaleuca stenostachya ± M. foliolosa low open woodland on sandstone ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 155, 157-10, 165-10","1, 5.","Lakefield NP, Mungkan Kandju NP, Starcke NP","The rare species Homoranthus tropicus occurs in this vegetation community.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Southern and south-east of the bioregion","","3","10","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.17","31017","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (3980 ha, most of which is in an intact condition).","Low","Neofabricia myrtifolia dominates the very sparse shrub layer (3-4m tall). Jacksonia thesioides, Lithomyrtus retusa, Acacia brassii and Grevillea pteridifolia are frequent subdominant shrubs. Leucopogon lavarackii occurs frequently as a low shrub (0.5m tall). The ground is mainly bare, with only occasional graminoids present. Occurs on sandstone breakaways.","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Acacia calyculata tall open shrubland on sandstone breakaways","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Acacia calyculata tall open shrubland on sandstone breakaways","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 166","1.","Iron Range NP.","The rare species Leptospermum purpurascens occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years, but generally exclude fire. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. ","Janet Range area.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.18","31018","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush), Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Choriceras tricorne (Cape Choriceras) and Jacksonia thesioides occur consistently at high stem densities in the shrub layer (0.5-3m tall). A variety of other shrubs may be present and locally abundant. Scattered emergent shrubs and trees (1.5-10m tall) are often present, with Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak) and Grevillea pteridifolia (golden grevillea) usually occurring at high densities. A sparse, low shrub layer (0.5-1.8m tall) is often present. The ground layer is short and open, with Schoenus sparteus the most consistent and abundant graminoid. Associated with undulating plains and slopes of sandstone plateaus.","Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Jacksonia thesioides open heath on undulating plains and slopes","Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Jacksonia thesioides open heath on undulating plains and slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 171","1, 4.","Heathlands RR, Iron Range NP, Iron Range RR","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years, but generally exclude fire. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. ","North-east. A variant (vegetation unit 171A) is often seen in areas that appear to have been subject to very frequent fires. It has the appearance of a very sparse low open-woodland with scattered Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs) and Banksia dentata (swamp banksia) trees 3-4 metres tall. Scattered shrubs (0.5-1.5m tall) are present but are very sparse. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by Schoenus sparteus.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.19","31019","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Dwarf open heath to dwarf heath of Asteromyrtus lysicephala and Neofabricia myrtifolia. In sheltered positions, eg. between rocks, the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. The vegetation communities are distinguished by their geographical location. Occurs on exposed plateaus and headlands of a variety of geology types, including sandstone. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.19a: The plants making up the sparse to mid-dense, even canopy (10-50cm tall) are severely windsheared. In sheltered positions, eg. between rocks, the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Grevillea pteridifolia, Melaleuca viridiflora and Neofabricia myrtifolia usually occur at the highest densities, with Leucopogon ruscifolius locally dominant. Although in many areas, the canopy has a PFC of greater than 70%, the large amount of outcropping rock reduces the overall PFC to about 50%. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on exposed plateaus of a variety of geology types, including sandstone. 3.10.19b: The plants making up the sparse to mid-dense, even canopy (10-50cm tall) are severely windsheared. In sheltered positions, eg. between rocks, the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Grevillea pteridifolia, Melaleuca viridiflora and Neofabricia myrtifolia usually occur at the highest densities, with Leucopogon ruscifolius locally dominant. Although in many areas, the canopy has a PFC of greater than 70%, the large amount of outcropping rock reduces the overall PFC to about 50%. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on exposed headlands of a variety of geology types, including sandstone.","Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Neofabricia myrtifolia dwarf open heath on sandstone plateaus and headlands","Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Neofabricia myrtifolia dwarf open heath on sandstone plateaus and headlands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 178a, 178b","1, 2, 4, 5, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP, Lakefield NP, Starcke NP","The endangered species Eremochloa muricata occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years, but generally exclude fire. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. ","North-east.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.2","31002","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Simple evergreen to semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest often dominated by the evergreen trees Welchiodendron longivalve, Syzygium forte subsp. forte, Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra, Flindersia ifflaiana and Acacia polystachya. A mid-dense sub canopy layer may be present. A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer is usually present. Occurs on sandstone scarps and outcrops on plateaus. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.2a: A mid-dense to dense, uneven canopy (12-35m tall) is often dominated by the evergreen trees Welchiodendron longivalve, Emmenosperma alphitonioides, Halfordia kendack, Syzygium forte subsp. forte, Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra and Flindersia ifflaiana. Other frequent canopy trees that may be co dominants in places include Acacia polystachya, Blepharocarya involucrigera, Alstonia actinophylla, Buchanania arborescens, Podocarpus grayae, Sterculia quadrifida and Endiandra glauca. Occasional evergreen emergent trees up to 40 metres tall are present. A number of species may be present in the sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (10-22m tall) with Endiandra glauca the most frequently encountered tree and Ptychosperma elegans the most frequent palm. A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer (0.5-10m) is usually present. Atractocarpus sessilis and Choriceras tricorne are the most frequent species in this layer. Kibara rigidifolia, Syzygium fibrosum, Tabernaemontana orientalis and Cryptocarya cunninghamii are often present. The palms, Licuala ramsayi, Hydriastele wendlandiana and Ptychosperma macarthurii are frequently present in the lower tree layers. The composition of these layers varies between individual vine forest patches. Thin wiry vines such as Flagellaria indica, Smilax australis, S. glyciphylla and Strychnos minor are common, and often reach the top of the canopy. Scattered epiphytic orchids are present on the lower branches of the canopy trees. The ground is covered with a thick layer of leaf litter, and rocks frequently outcrop. Scattered ferns, graminoids and tree seedlings are usually present. Occurs on sandstone scarps and outcrops on plateaus 3.10.2b: A diverse group of species which includes Welchiodendron longivalve (yellow box penda), Acacia polystachya (wattle), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Dysoxylum oppositifolium (pink mahogany), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Endiandra glauca (coach walnut) and Alstonia actinophylla (milkwood) dominates a dense, even canopy (18-25m tall). A number of other species may be present in the canopy and dominate in places. At some sites the canopy may only be 8-15 metres tall and be dominated by single species such as Choriceras tricorne (Cape choriceras). A sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (15-20m tall) and mid-dense low tree layer (3-8 m) are usually also present. The composition of these layers varies between individual vine forest patches. Thin wiry vines such as Flagellaria indica are frequent and often reach the top of the canopy. Scattered epiphytic orchids are present on the lower branches of the canopy trees. The ground is covered with a thick layer of leaf litter and rocks frequently outcrop. Scattered forbs and tree seedlings are usually present. Occurs on sandstone scarps.","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest in northeast on flat sandstone and ferricrete plateaus","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest in northeast on flat sandstone and ferricrete plateaus","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 24, 12-10","4.","Jardine River NP","The vulnerable species Gulubia costata and Macaranga polyadenia, and rare species Archidendron hirsutum, Cryptocarya claudiana, Cryptolepis grayi, Litsea macrophylla, Medinilla balls-headleyi, Citrus garrawayae, Mischarytera macrobotrys and Syzygium buettnerianum occur in this ecosystem. High numbers of endemic plant species.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation ","North-east of bioregion. A variant, vegetation unit 24A, occurs on the top of the McHenry escarpment north-east of Heathlands. The canopy is 15-22 metres tall and dominated by Asteromyrtus brassii, Acacia polystachya, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Lophostemon suaveolens and Welchiodendron longivalve.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.20","31020","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Gahnia sieberiana dominates the sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (1-2m tall). Other frequent shrub species are Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Banksia robur, Melastoma malabathricum subsp. malabathricum and Melaleuca polandii. Sparse emergent shrubs (2-4m tall) include Pandanus sp., Grevillea pteridifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Baeckea frutescens and Leptospermum polygalifolium. Associated with drainage swamps on elevated sandstone plateaus. These swamps receive fairly continuous seepage from the surrounding sandstone areas throughout the year.","Gahnia sieberiana ± Asteromyrtus lysicephala open sedgeland to closed heath in drainage swamps","Gahnia sieberiana ± Asteromyrtus lysicephala open sedgeland to closed heath in drainage swamps","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 191a, 191b","2, 4.","No representation.","High diversity of sedges. Eremochloa ciliaris is a rare species that occurs in this ecosystem. In sheltered gorges, closed fernlands dominated by Sticherus sp. with Gleichenia sp. and Lindsaea sp. occur.","STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. ","In the south. A variant (vegetation unit 191B) occurs in spring-fed, sheltered gorges in the sandstone ranges of the Richardson Uplands. Sticherus sp. dominates the dense ground layer (1-2m tall), with Gleichenia sp. and Lindsaea sp. being other frequent fern species. Bromheadia finlaysoniana, Dendrobium lobbii, Isachne confusa and Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum are frequent graminoids. Scattered shrubs (1-2.5m tall) are sometimes present and include Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Baeckea frutescens, Gahnia sieberiana and Melastoma affine. Emergent Asteromyrtus brassii, Dillenia alata, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Welchiodendron longivalve and Xanthostemon crenulatus (4-5m tall) are sometimes present. These are not mappable at 1:100 000 scale.","","3","10","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.21","31021","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland to open forest of Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) ± Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark). E. tetrodonta (messmate) may be present as a dominant canopy tree. There is usually a very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer. The shrub layer ranges from very sparse to mid-dense (dependant on fire regime). Occurs on sandstone plateaus & slopes Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.21a: Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy. Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) or E. tetrodonta may be present as a subdominant canopy tree. A number of other Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. may form minor components of the canopy. Eucalyptus brassiana (Cape York red gum) may occur as a co dominant canopy species in some areas. The very sparse sub canopy tree layer is dominated by C. nesophila, Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle), Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) and Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs). The shrub layer is very sparse. Acacia flavescens, Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood), Corymbia nesophila and Persoonia falcata (geebung) are the most frequently encountered species. The ground layer varies from sparse to mid-dense. The dominant grasses are Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass), Aristida sp. (three-awned speargrass) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass). Common forbs include Spermacoce sp., Cyanthillium cinereum and Flemingia parviflora (flemingia). Occurs on sandstone plateaus 3.10.21b: Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy. Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) may be present as a subdominant canopy tree. A number of other Eucalyptus spp.or Corymbia spp. may form minor components of the canopy. Eucalyptus brassiana (Cape York red gum) occurs as a co dominant canopy species at a number of sites. The very sparse sub canopy tree layer is dominated by C. nesophila, Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle), Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) and Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs). The shrub layer is very sparse. Acacia flavescens, Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood), Corymbia nesophila and Persoonia falcata (geebung) are the most frequently encountered species. The ground layer varies from sparse to mid-dense. The dominant grasses are Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass), Aristida sp. (three-awned speargrass) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass). Common forbs include Spermacoce sp., Cyanthillium cinereum and Flemingia parviflora (flemingia). Occurs on sandstone slopes","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus crebra (sens. lat.) or E. tetrodonta woodland to open forest on sandstone plateaus & slopes","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus crebra (sens. lat.) or E. tetrodonta woodland to open forest on sandstone plateaus and slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 82-10a, 82-10b, 101-10","2, 5.","Cape Melville National Park, Starcke National Park","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South-east of bioregion. 3.10.21b: Restricted to sandstone slopes particularly","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.3","31003","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (3850 ha, most of which is in an intact condition).","High","A mid-dense to dense, even canopy (14-30m tall) is characterised by the conspicuous presence of Callitris intratropica. This species is sometimes an emergent tree reaching 35m in height. Other frequent canopy trees that may be co dominants in places include Acacia polystachya, Welchiodendron longivalve, Flindersia ifflaiana, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Asteromyrtus brassii. A number of species may be present in the sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (6-20m tall), however Choriceras tricorne is the most commonly encountered tree. The sparse shrub/low tree layer (0.5-10m) is usually present, with Randia sessilis, Endiandra glauca, Antirhea ovatifolia and Choriceras tricorne the most frequent dominants. The composition of these layers varies between individual vine forest patches. Thin wiry vines such as Hypserpa laurina, Jasminum didymum, Flagellaria indica, Smilax australis and S. glyciphylla are frequent. Scattered epiphytic orchids and creepers such as Dischidia major and Dischidia ovata are present on the lower branches of the canopy trees. The ground is covered with a thick layer of leaf litter, and rocks frequently outcrop. Scattered ferns, graminoids and tree seedlings are usually present. Discrete patches on low hills.","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest with Callitris intratropica","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest with Callitris intratropica","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 25","4.","Jardine River NP","Rare species including Cryptocarya claudiana, Gardenia scabrella and Xanthostemon xerophilus occur in this ecosystem. Relatively young vine forest with Callitris intratropica emergents.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. Fuel reduction in the surrounding vegetation under low fire danger conditions reduces the risk of damaging wildfires. ","North-east of bioregion, McHenry Uplands. Discrete patches on low hills of McHenry Uplands.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.5","31005","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The uneven canopy (8-25m tall) is composed of a variety of species most of which are deciduous in the dry season. Terminalia muelleri (Mueller’s damson), Millettia pinnata (millettia), Croton arnhemicus (hard cascarilla), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Acacia disparrima subsp. calidestris (black wattle), Drypetes deplanchei (yellow tulipwood), Pouteria sericea (hairy pouteria), Wrightia pubescens subsp. penicillata and Vitex acuminata (vitex) frequently dominate the mid-dense to dense canopy. Gyrocarpus americanus (helicopter tree), Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum (bombax) and Garuga floribunda var. floribunda (garuga) are frequently present as part of the canopy, or as emergents (12-28m tall). A mid-dense to dense sub canopy layer (4-18m tall) and shrub layer (0.5-6m tall) is composed mainly of species also found in the canopy layer. Vines are frequent in both the shrub and tree layers. The ground layer is usually sparse, with the forbs Tacca leontopetaloides (arrowroot), Asystasia australasica, Laportea interrupta and Cyathula prostrata and grasses Panicum trichoides (a native panic) and Oplismenus spp. making up the majority of the cover. Occurs on sandstone hills.","Deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine thicket ± Gyrocarpus americanus on sandstone hills","Deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine thicket ± Gyrocarpus americanus on sandstone hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 32","1, 2, 5, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Starcke NP","The endangered species Muellerargia timorensis, and rare species Albizia retusa, Aristolochia chalmersii, Austromyrtus lucida, Gardenia scabrella, Citrus garrawayae, Omphalea papuana, Syzygium argyropedicum and Wrightia versicolor occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. Fuel reduction in the surrounding vegetation under low fire danger conditions reduces the risk of damaging wildfires. ","Mainly in Laura Basin.","","3","10","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.6","31006","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Woodland to low woodland (and sometimes low open forest) of Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) ± Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark). A woodland of Eucalyptus mediocris and Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) can occur in restricted areas in the south of the bioregion. Sparse sub-canopy and shrub layers are often present. Sandstone rocks are common on the surface. Occurs on sandstone plateaus and hills. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.6a: Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (6-22m tall). Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is present at most sites as a subdominant canopy tree. Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) and sometimes E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) are occasionally present as subdominant trees. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (2-10m tall) is dominated by Eucalyptus spp. and Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree). The very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.1-3m tall) is composed of a variety of species that may dominate at different sites, Corymbia stockeri, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Melaleuca stenostachya and Petalostigma banksii (quinine berry) the most frequent dominants. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by the grasses, Triodia microstachya (spinifex), Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grass), Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass) and Digitaria sp. Frequently large areas of the ground surface are covered by sandstone rocks. Occurs on sandstone plateaus and hills. 3.10.6b: Eucalyptus mediocris and Corymbia citriodora (lemon scented gum) are codominant in the sparse canopy (14-15m tall). E. crebra (narrow leaved ironbark) and C. clarksoniana (brown bloodwood) also are present in the canopy. A very sparse subcanopy layer (4-10m tall) is dominated by Allocasuarina littoralis and C. clarksoniana (brown bloodwood). Xanthorrhoea johnsonii and Melaleuca stenostachya dominate the very sparse shrub layer (0.3-1.5m tall). The ground layer is sparse and consists mainly of graminoids, with Heteropogon triticeus, Mnesithea rottboellioides, Schizachyrium fragile and Themeda triandra the most frequent species. Occurs on Mt Janet and other isolated sandstone cappings. 3.10.6c: Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus crebra form an even but discontinuous canopy. E. brassiana is usually present but generally occurs at low densities. Eucalyptus mediocris occurred in the canopy at Cape Bedford. There are two very sparse layers of shrubs and young trees; one 2-4m tall dominated by young Eucalyptus spp., and the other 0.5-1m tall dominated by Acacia calyculata, Dodonaea lanceolata var. subsessilifolia, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Jacksonia thesioides and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Most of the soil surface is covered with leaf litter or exposed rock. Exposed sandstone headlands & capping","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± E. cullenii woodland on sandstone plateaus","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± E. cullenii woodland on sandstone plateaus","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 76, 76a, 76-10, 56, 136-10, Fox & Wilson (2004); w57-10c","1, 2, 5, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP, Mungkan Kandju NP, Starcke NP","The rare species Gardenia scabrella occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: >5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Burn late enough in the dry season so that fires will be sufficiently hot to germinate seeds of Acacia and other leguminous spp., but early enough to restrict extent of fires. Hard-seed plants could be eliminated by cool fires. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Widespread in the bioregion, west of Cooktown. Vegetation communities 3.10.6b & 3.10.6c are of restricted distribution and only have small areas. 3.10.6a: On the wettest sandstone plateaus and ranges west of Cooktown, the variant, vegetation unit 76a occurs. The species composition is similar to 3.10.6a, although Eucalyptus cloeziana may be present in the canopy in some situations (Morgan 1984). 3.10.6b: Only occurs as Cape York Peninsula sandstone outliers within the EIU bioregion 3.10.6c: The height of the canopy is frequently determined by exposure to prevailing south-easterly winds. In very rocky areas, a dwarf open-heath of Allocasuarina littoralis, Grevillea pteridifolia, Hibbertia oblongata and Jacksonia thesioides forms, while in deeper gullies, Eucalyptus brassiana and Acacia leptocarpa become prominent. In sheltered, more mesic positions, particularly gullies, Erythrophleum chlorostachys forms a prominent component of the canopy. Lophostemon suaveolens and Allocasuarina littoralis may also be present in the canopy, and Corymbia tessellaris is sometimes present as an emergent tree (10m tall). A denser shrub layer (2-4m tall, 20% PFC) is frequently present. Buchanania arborescens, Canarium australianum and Schefflera actinophylla occur in some gullies.","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.7","31007","Of concern","Of concern","Under review",">30% remains (combined REs 3.2.9 and 3.10.7 cover 6030 ha, most of which is in an intact condition).","No representation","Open forest to woodland of Eucalyptus phoenicea (scarlet gum) ± Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood ± E. tetrodonta (messmate). A very open sub-canopy layer often occurs. The shrub-layer is sparse to mid-dense. Occurs on the wetter areas of the sandstone. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.7a: Eucalyptus phoenicea dominates the sparse canopy (18-25m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) is frequently present as a subdominant canopy tree, and Eucalyptus mediocris is frequently present. Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree), A. flavescens (powderpuff wattle), Parinari nonda (nonda plum) and Syzygium suborbiculare (lady apple) are frequent sub canopy trees forming a sparse layer (6-15m tall). A sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-6m tall), including many heath species, is usually present. The ground layer is sparse and usually dominated by grasses. The creeping vines Vandasina retusa and Flemingia parviflora are conspicuous at some localities. Occurs on the wetter areas of sandstone ranges. 3.10.7b: Eucalyptus phoenicea dominates the sparse canopy. Scattered E. tetrodonta (messmate), Corymbia clarksoniana (brown bloodwood), C. stockeri ssp. peninsularis and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) trees are frequently present in the canopy. A very sparse sub canopy tree layer is usually present with Grevillea glauca (bushman's clothes pegs) and Melaleuca nervosa can be prominent in this layer. The very sparse shrub layer consists of a variety of species. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the grasses, Aristida spp., Schizachyrium spp. and Thaumastochloa spp. Occurs on sandy plains and ridges on sandstone.","Eucalyptus phoenicea ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on wetter sandstone","Eucalyptus phoenicea ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on wetter sandstone","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 85-10, 86-10","2, 5.","Cape Melville National Park","The only Queensland populations of Eucalyptus phoenicea occur in REs 3.2.9, 3.5.6 and 3.10.7. This species is widely distributed in the Northern Territory and Kimberley region.","SEASON: Mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: >5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Burn late enough in the dry season so that fires will be sufficiently hot to germinate seeds of Acacia and other leguminous spp., but early enough to restrict extent of fires. Hard-seed plants could be eliminated by cool fires. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Battlecamp Range.","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.8","31008","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (1100 ha in bioregion).","No representation","Eucalyptus similis and Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominate the sparse canopy (14-18m tall). Scattered trees of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) and Corymbia stockeri may be present in the canopy. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (2-10m tall) is dominated by Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. A sparse shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) is usually present where species also occurring in the canopy layers are dominant. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses. Occurs on lower slopes and pediments of central sandstone ranges.","Eucalyptus similis ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on pediments of sandstone ranges","Eucalyptus similis ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on pediments of sandstone ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 89","8.","No representation.","Northern outlying populations of Eucalyptus similis, which is extensive in the Desert Uplands bioregion.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.10.9","31009","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Woodland to sometimes open forest of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) ± Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) ± C. clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) ± Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cootkown ironwood). The sub canopy layer is sparse. A very sparse shrub layer often contains juvenile canopy species. Occurs on sandstone plateaus. Major vegetation communities include: 3.10.9a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) and Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) co dominate the sparse canopy (12-17m tall). Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) are occasionally present as subdominant trees. The very sparse sub canopy layer (2-6m tall) is dominated by the canopy eucalypts. A very sparse shrub layer (0.5-1m tall) is present where Corymbia stockeri, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Grevillea dryandri subsp. dryandri, Indigofera pratensis (forest indigo) and Persoonia falcata (geebung) are the most commonly encountered species. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by the grasses Triodia microstachya, Eriachne spp., Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). Occurs on sandstone plateaus. 3.10.9b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a sparse canopy. Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) is often present and sometimes co dominant in the canopy. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is also frequently present in both the canopy and the very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer. Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs), Erythroxylum ellipticum (matchwood), Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Melaleuca nervosa (paperbark) are other common sub canopy trees. A very sparse to sparse shrub layer is composed of a variety of young trees and shrubby regrowth. The ground layer is usually very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses, usually Schizachyrium spp. (firegrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Panicum spp. (native panic), Aristida sp. (three-awn speargrass), Alloteropsis semialata (cockatoo grass) and Thaumastochloa spp. On sandstone ranges 3.10.9c: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a sparse to mid-dense canopy. Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) is often present and sometimes co dominant in the canopy. C. tessellaris (carbeen) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) are also frequently present in the canopy. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer is dominated by Acacia flavescens (powderpuff wattle), Parinari nonda (nonda plum), Grevillea parallela (beefwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). Livistona muelleri (dwarf fan palm) is common in the sub canopy tree layer and dominated this layer at one site. The very sparse shrub layer is composed of a variety of young trees and shrubby regrowth. The ground layer is usually sparse to mid-dense and frequently dominated by Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass), Dianella sp., Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on sandstone ranges.","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia stockeri ± C. clarksoniana ± C. tessellaris ± Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland on sandstone plateaus","Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia stockeri woodland on sandstone plateaus","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 96, 92-10, 94-10, Fox & Wilson (2004); w55-10c, m39-10c.","1, 2, 5.","Lakefield NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires, because intense and extensive fires degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","Battlecamp Range","","3","10","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Sandstone ranges" "3.11.1","31101","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (2500 ha, most of which remains in an intact condition).","Medium","The dense, more or less even canopy (18-35m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Frequent deciduous trees include Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Canarium australianum Cordia dichotoma, Ficus spp., Garuga floribunda var. floribunda, Paraserianthes toona and Terminalia sericocarpa. Some of these trees may be emergents up to 40 metres tall. Frequent evergreen canopy trees include Aidia racemosa, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Acacia polystachya, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Dysoxylum oppositifolium, Mimusops elengi, Buchanania arborescens, Cryptocarya hypospodia and Cupaniopsis anacardioides. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (10-20m tall) is composed of a variety of species with Aglaia spp., Polyalthia nitidissima, Aidia racemosa, Chionanthus ramiflora, Cryptocarya clarksoniana, Mallotus philippensis, Pisonia umbellifera and Ventilago ecorollata. A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer (1-10m tall) is usually present with Glycosmis trifoliata, Ixora timorensis, Atractocarpus sessilis, Arytera spp., Cleistanthus apodus, Chionanthus ramiflora (60%), Diospyros hebecarpa, Antidesma ghaesembilla, Arytera divaricata and Brucea javanica occurring frequently. Robust woody and thin wiry lianas are common. Palms such as Ptychosperma elegans and climbing palms such as Calamus caryotoides frequently occur in the wettest sites. Epiphytes are only abundant in sheltered wet sites. The ground layer is very sparse, and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on coastal ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.1x1a: The dense, even canopy (15-35m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Acacia midgleyi (brown salwood) A. polystachya (a wattle), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut), Argyrodendron polyandrum (brown tulip oak), Diospyros hebecarpa, Dysoxylum oppositifolium (pink mahogany), Endiandra longipedicellata (buff walnut) and Grevillea baileyana (Findlay’s silky oak) are frequent evergreen trees Stem densities may be high in some areas. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Berrya javanica, Canarium australianum (brown cudgerie) and Brachychiton velutinosus (brush kurrajong). These trees may occur as emergents up to 45 metres tall in places. The mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (5-20m tall) is composed of a variety of species with Chionanthus ramiflora (native olive), Endiandra glauca (brown walnut), Rinorea bengalensis and Strychnos minor occurring often. The palm Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) is sometimes present in the sub canopy. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (0.5-8m tall) is usually present. Dimorphocalyx australiensis (Shipton’s glory), Tabernaemontana orientalis, Kibara rigidifolia, Micromelum minutum (cluster berry), Atractocarpus sessilis (native gardenia), Cleistanthus hylandii, Glycosmis trifoliata, Ixora timorensis (black berry tree) and Rinorea bengalensis occur frequently. Climbing palms, such as Calamus caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer cane) and C. australis (hairy mary) and vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) and Austrosteenisia blackii (bloodvine), are commonly encountered. Epiphytes are sparse. Asplenium australasicum (bird’s nest fern) is the most commonly encountered species. The ground layer is very sparse and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on metamorphic slopes 3.11.1x1b: Deciduous and evergreen trees form a dense, more or less even canopy (20-35m tall). The deciduous trees with prominent buttressed trunks Ficus albipila var. albipila (fig) and Tetrameles nudiflora are common as emergents and can reach 45m tall. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Nauclea orientalis (Leichhardt tree), Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum (bombax), Semecarpus australiensis (tar tree), Terminalia sericocarpa (sovereignwood) and Wrightia laevis (white cheesewood). Castanospermum australe (black bean) is a very common component of the canopy occurring at high stem densities in some areas. Other commonly encountered, evergreen, canopy trees include Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut), Alstonia scholaris (milky pine), Argyrodendron polyandrum (brown tulip oak), Beilschmiedia obtusifolia (black walnut), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Cryptocarya hypospodia (northern laurel), C. triplinervis var. riparia (brown laurel), Syzygium bamagense (Bamaga satinash), Ganophyllum falcatum (scaly ash), Calophyllum australianum (calophyllum) and Endiandra longipedicellata (buff walnut). The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (15-25m tall) is composed of a variety of species including Myristica globosa ssp. muelleri, Pisonia umbellifera (cabbage wood), Toechima daemelianum (Cape tamarind), Mallotus spp. and Garcinia spp. The palms Caryota albertii, Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) and Archontophoenix tuckeri are often present. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (1-12m tall) is usually present with Cleistanthus apodus (weeping cleistanthus), Glycosmis trifoliata, Atractocarpus sessilis (false gardenia), Leea indica (bandicoot berry), Lunasia amara, Diospyros cupulosa and Ixora timorensis (black berry tree) occurring frequently. Thin wiry vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) are common. Climbing palms such as Calamus australis (hairy mary), C. caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer cane) and C. warburgii (wait a while) may be present. Epiphytes are sparse. The ground layer is very sparse and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on metamorphic slopes","Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on coastal ranges, mainly in the central Peninsula","Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on coastal ranges, mainly in the central Peninsula","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 6; Tracey (1982), 4","2.","Represented in a protected area <1000 ha (Mount Cook NP)","High diversity of vascular plants, many with restricted distributions. The rare species Austromyrtus lucida occurs in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","South of Lockhart River and north of Cooktown, also in drier northern section of Wet Tropics bioregion.","","3","11","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.10","31110","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Woodland to low open forest of Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) or E. crebra (narrow leaved ironbark). The shrub layer is very sparse to sparse and often dominated by canopy species. Occurs on metamorphic hills and headlands. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.10a: Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) and Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) are the dominant species in the sparse canopy (10-15m tall). Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) and E. cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) are frequently present as subdominant trees. The very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.1-3m tall) is composed of a variety of species that may dominate at different sites, Corymbia stockeri, E. tetrodonta, Melaleuca stenostachya and Petalostigma banksii (quinine berry) the most frequent dominants. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by the grasses, Triodia microstachya (spinifex), Eriachne spp. (waderrie grass), Aristida spp. (three-awned speargrass), Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass) and Digitaria sp. Occurs on metamorphic hills. 3.11.10b: Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus crebra form an even but discontinuous canopy (6-8m tall). E. brassiana is usually present but generally occurs at low densities. Eucalyptus mediocris occurred in the canopy at Cape Bedford. There are two very sparse layers of shrubs and young trees; one 2-4m tall dominated by young Eucalyptus spp., and the other 0.5-1m tall dominated by Acacia calyculata, Dodonaea lanceolata var. subsessilifolia, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Jacksonia thesioides and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Most of the soil surface is covered with leaf litter or exposed rock. ","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± E. crebra woodland on metamorphic hills","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on metamorphic hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 76b-11, 136-11, Fox & Wilson (2004); m77-11c.","1, 2","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP, Mungkan Kandju NP, Starcke NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Central Peninsula. 3.11.10b: The height of the canopy is frequently determined by exposure to prevailing south-easterly winds. In very rocky areas, a dwarf open-heath of Allocasuarina littoralis, Grevillea pteridifolia, Hibbertia oblongata and Jacksonia thesioides forms, while in deeper gullies, Eucalyptus brassiana and Acacia leptocarpa become prominent. In sheltered, more mesic positions, particularly gullies, Erythrophleum chlorostachys forms a prominent component of the canopy. Lophostemon suaveolens and Allocasuarina littoralis may also be present in the canopy, and Corymbia tessellaris is sometimes present as an emergent tree (10m tall). A denser shrub layer (2-4m tall, 20% PFC) is frequently present. Buchanania arborescens, Canarium australianum and Schefflera actinophylla occur in some gullies.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.11","31111","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) and Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) usually dominate the sparse canopy (9-15m, occasionally 20m tall). Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) is co dominant, particularly on the upper slopes of rises. Melaleuca stenostachya (teatree) usually dominates a very sparse sub canopy tree layer (8-12m tall). M. viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) is also frequently present. A sparse shrub layer (3-8m tall) is usually present. Petalostigma banksii (quinine berry) and Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis frequently dominate this layer. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by the grasses, Schizachyrium fragile, (fire grass)Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass). Occurs on hills and erosional surfaces. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.11x1: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a sparse to mid-dense canopy (14-26m tall). Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) is often present and sometimes co dominant in the canopy. C. tessellaris (carbeen) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) are also frequently present in the canopy. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens (powderpuff wattle), Parinari nonda (nonda plum), Grevillea parallela (beefwood), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). Livistona muelleri (dwarf fan palm) is common in the sub canopy tree layer and dominated this layer at one site. The very sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is composed of a variety of young trees and shrubby regrowth. The ground layer is usually sparse to mid-dense and frequently dominated by Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass), Dianella sp., Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on metamorphic ranges.","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on hills and erosional surfaces","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on hills and erosional surfaces","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 77-11, Fox & Wilson (2004); m79-11c, w60-11c.","1, 6.","Lakefield NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The rare species Acacia ommatosperma occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Widespread on Coen-Yamba Inlier.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.12","31112","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) usually dominates the sparse canopy (14-24m tall), with E. platyphylla (poplar gum) a consistent subdominant canopy tree. Scattered Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) are also frequently present in the canopy. The sub canopy tree layer (4-8m tall) is very sparse, and composed of Melaleuca spp. and Eucalyptus spp. The shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is also very sparse, with M. nervosa, Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood), E. leptophleba (Molloy red box) and Planchonia careya (cocky apple) frequently occurring, and Antidesma ghaesembilla dominating this layer at one site. The ground layer is mid-dense with Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Mnesithea rottboellioides and Themeda triandra the most frequent native herbs. Alien forbs such as Crotalaria goreensis* and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis*, and grasses such as T. quadrivalvis* occur at high densities in many of these sites. Occurs on rolling metamorphic hills.","Eucalyptus leptophleba or Corymbia tessellaris +/- E. platyphylla or C. clarksoniana woodland on rolling hills in southeast","Eucalyptus leptophleba, E. platyphylla woodland on rolling hills in southeast","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 81","2, 5.","Small areas in Black Mountain NP, Endeavour River NP, Mount Cook NP.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South-east of bioregion. Alien forbs such as Crotalaria goreensis*(Gamba pea) and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis*(snakeweed), and grasses such as Themeda quadrivalvis*(gradergrass) occur at high densities this community..","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.13","31113","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) dominates the sparse canopy (13-24m tall). Eucalyptus brassiana (Cape York red gum) is frequently present as a subdominant canopy tree. A number of other Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. such as Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen), Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen's ironbark) and E. platyphylla (poplar gum) may form minor components of the canopy. The very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (4-10 tall) is dominated by Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box). The shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is very sparse. Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle), Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood), Indigofera pratensis (forest Indigo) and Persoonia falcata (geebung) the most commonly encountered species in this layer. Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass) are frequent dominant species in the sparse to mid-dense ground layer. Mainly occurs on metamorphic hills and ranges.","Corymbia nesophila ± E. brassiana woodland on metamorphic hills and ranges in the southeast","Corymbia nesophila ± E. brassiana woodland on metamorphic hills and ranges in the southeast","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 82b","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Munburra RR, Endeavour River NP, Mount Cook NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","In the south-east.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.14","31114","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a rare ecosystem in bioregion (only 360 ha present in Cape York Peninsula bioregion).","No representation","Eucalyptus staigeriana dominates the sparse canopy (8-12m tall). Corymbia ellipsoidea is frequently a subdominant canopy tree. Occasional E. tetrodonta, E. crebra, C. confertiflora and Erythrophleum chlorostachys are present in the canopy. The shrub layer (0.5m tall) is very sparse, with Pogonolobus reticulatus, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Eucalyptus spp. the most frequent shrubs. The ground layer is sparse, and dominated by Heteropogon triticeus and Themeda triandra, with Schizachyrium spp. a subdominant grass. Occurs on metamorphic ranges.","Eucalyptus staigeriana woodland. Occurs on metamorphic ranges in Maytown area","Eucalyptus staigeriana woodland. Occurs on metamorphic ranges in Maytown area","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 90","5.","No representation.","Eucalyptus staigeriana is a relatively restricted species.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Maytown area. Also occurs in Einasleigh Uplands bioregion.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.15","31115","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) dominates the very sparse to sparse canopy (11-22m tall). Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) is always present in the canopy. Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) is sometimes present with E. leptophleba and occasionally replaces it as the dominant canopy tree. Scattered E. cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) trees are sometimes present. A very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer (4-10m tall) is usually present where Eucalyptus leptophleba, Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush), Erythroxylum ellipticum (matchwood) and Brachychiton garrawayae (kurrajong) are the most commonly encountered species. Antidesma ghaesembilla (black currant), Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant), Planchonia careya (cocky apple), Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Dendrolobium umbellatum and Grewia retusifolia (dog’s balls) are usually the primary species in a very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall). The ground layer is mid-dense to dense and dominated by a variety of grasses including Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) and Themeda triandra. Occurs on metamorphic hills and ranges.","Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia papuana open woodland on metamorphic hills of the Coen Inlier","Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia papuana open woodland on metamorphic hills of the Coen Inlier","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 115","1.","Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Coen Inlier.","","3","11","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.17","31117","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus chlorophylla (shiny-leaved box) trees dominate the very sparse to sparse canopy (6-10m tall). Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and M. foliolosa (scale-leaved teatree) frequently occur as scattered sub canopy trees (4-8m tall). Scattered shrubs (0.5-2m tall) are frequently present. The sparse ground layer is usually dominated by the perennial grasses Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and H. contortus (black speargrass). Occurs on metamorphic hill slopes.","Eucalyptus chlorophylla ± Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland on metamorphic slopes","Eucalyptus chlorophylla ± Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland on metamorphic slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 150-11, Fox & Wilson (2004); w61-11c.","2, 5, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP, Starcke NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South of bioregion.","","3","11","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.18","31118","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low open woodland to low woodland of Melaleuca stenostachya (fibre-barked teatree) and/or Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree). M. citrolens (lemon-scented teatree) may also dominate in some areas. Scattered emergent Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) and Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) may be present. A sparse subcanopy tree layer dominated by Petalostigma banksii (quinine) may be present in some areas. A sparse shrub layer of may occur. Occurs on footslopes of metamorphic hills & ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.18a: Melaleuca stenostachya (fibre-barked teatree) trees dominate the sparse canopy (7-10m tall). Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) is a frequent canopy tree and may be dominant in some areas. M. citrolens (lemon-scented teatree) may also dominate in some areas. Scattered emergent Corymbia stockeri (gum-topped bloodwood) trees (12-13m tall) may be present.A sparse shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) may be present. The ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Schoenus sparteus, Arundinella setosa (reed grass) and Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass). Occurs on footslopes of metamorphic hills 3.11.18b: Melaleuca viridiflora, (broad-leaved teatree) together with Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak), Asteromyrtus brassii and sometimes Acacia brassii (Brass’s wattle) dominate the sparse canopy (4-12m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and less frequently Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) are present as emergent trees (9-16m tall). The same species dominate the sparse low tree layer (2-5m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with Acacia calyculata, Persoonia falcata (geebung), Hibbertia banksii forma banksii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Choriceras tricorne (Cape Choriceras) occurring at the highest densities. The ground layer is sparse, and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). Commonly encountered graminoids include Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grasses), Schoenus sparteus and Cleistochloa spp. Occurs on metamorphic ranges","Melaleuca stenostachya ± M. viridiflora ± M. citrolens low open woodland on metamorphic footslopes","Melaleuca stenostachya ± M. viridiflora ± M. citrolens low open woodland on metamorphic footslopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 155-11, 146-11","1, 2, 5.","Cape Melville NP, Starcke NP, Iron Range NP, Munburra RR","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South-east of the bioregion","","3","11","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.19","31119","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Tussock grassland of Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) ± Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) with occasional scattered emergent shrubs or dwarf open heathland of Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush), Grevillea pteridifolia (golden Grevillea) and Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree). These communities are often very wind-sheared. Occurs on exposed plateaus and headlands . Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.19a: Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) dominates the mid-dense ground layer (10-60cm tall), which varies in height depending on exposure to the prevailing winds. Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Cassytha filiformis and Zornia muriculata are frequently present, but contribute only a small proportion of the biomass. Scattered shrubs may be present, but are generally windsheared and do not emerge much above the ground layer. Restricted to rocky headlands and islands. 3.11.19b: The plants making up the sparse to mid-dense, even canopy are severely windsheared. In sheltered positions,(eg. between rocks), the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush), Grevillea pteridifolia (golden Grevillea), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree) usually occur at the highest densities, with Leucopogon ruscifolius locally dominant. Although in many areas, the canopy has a PFC of greater than 70%, the large amount of outcropping rock reduces the overall PFC to about 50%. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on exposed plateaus and headlands .","Themeda triandra tall grassland or Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Grevillea pteridifolia dwarf open heathlands on headlands and islands","Themeda triandra tall grassland or Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Grevillea pteridifolia dwarf open heathlands on headlands and islands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 189-11,178-11","2","Cape Melville NP","The endangered species Eremochloa muricata has been collected from one site within this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season and storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years, but generally exclude fire. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. ","Headlands on the east coast of the south east of the bioregion 3.11.19b: This vegetation community may also occurs on sandstone lithologies on exposed headlands & plateaus (3.10.19)","","3","11","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.2","31102","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. A sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer is often present. A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer is also usually present. Occurs on metamorphic slopes. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.2a: The dense, more or less even canopy (18-32m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Frequent deciduous trees include Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Ficus nodosa, F. racemosa var. racemosa, Nauclea orientalis, Paraserianthes toona, Semecarpus australiensis and Terminalia sericocarpa. Some of these trees may be emergents up to 40 metres tall. Frequent evergreen canopy trees include Alstonia scholaris, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Dysoxylum arborescens, Buchanania arborescens, Cryptocarya hypospodia, C. rhodosperma, Blepharocarya involucrigera and Flindersia bourjotiana. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (15-25m tall) is composed of a variety of species with the palm Ptychosperma elegans usually present. Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Myristica globosa ssp. muelleri, Calophyllum sil, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana, C. vulgaris and Diospyros hebecarpa are frequent sub canopy trees. A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer (1-12m tall) is usually present with Brucea javanica, Mackinlaya confusa, Mallotus philippensis, Micromelum minutum and Myristica globosa ssp. muelleri occurring frequently. Robust woody lianas such as Entada phaseoloides and thin wiry lianas are common. Climbing palms such as Calamus australis and C. aruensis frequently occur in the wettest sites. Epiphytes are only abundant in sheltered wet sites. The ground layer is very sparse, and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on metamorphic slopes. 3.11.2b: A tall semi-deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine thicket. The canopy varies from 18 to 30m with occasional emergents of Paraserianthes toona (red siris), Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum (bombax) and Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) up to 33m tall. Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Millettia pinnata (millettia), Barringtonia calyptrata (cornbeef wood), Carallia brachiata (corkwood), Elaeocarpus arnhemicus (Arnhemland quandang), Mallotus philippensis (red camala) and Pleiogynium timorense (Burdekin plum) are frequent dominant trees. Miliusa traceyi, Drypetes deplanchei (yellow tulip) Memecylon pauciflorum var. pauciflorum, Aidia racemosa (wild randia) and Arytera bifoliolata (Cape coogara) occur commonly in the sparse shrub layer (0.5-4m tall). The ground layer is very sparse with a thick layer of leaf litter. Occurs on metamorphic slopes below sandstone capping on hills.","Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on metamorphic ranges in the south","Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on metamorphic ranges in the south","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 7, 32b","2.","Starcke NP, Cape Melville NP","The vulnerable species Arenga australasica has been recorded in this ecosystem. 3.11.2b: The endangered species Muellerargia timorensis, and rare species Gardenia scabrella, and Wrightia versicolor may occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Mount Stuckey area.","","3","11","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.3","31103","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","A fairly even, closed canopy (12-35m tall) dominated mainly by Acacia polystachya (a wattle), A. midgleyi (brown salwood) or Blepharocarya involucrigera (bollygum). Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Grevillea baileyana (Findlay’s silky oak) Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany), Argyrodendron polyandrum (red tulip oak) and Buchanania arborescens (native mango) are often present and subdominant in the canopy. Eucalyptus spp. form a sparse emergent layer (20-40m tall) in places. The sub canopy layer (10-25 metres tall) consists of a variety of evergreen species with Cryptocarya cunninghamii (coconut laurel), C. vulgaris (northern laurel), Dysoxylum acutangulum, Endiandra glauca (brown walnut), Chionanthus ramiflora (native olive) and Epipremnum pinnatum the most frequent trees. A sparse, low tree layer (0.5-10m tall) is usually present. Atractocarpus sessilis (native gardenia), Diploglottis macrantha, Tabernaemontana orientalis, Cryptocarya claudiana, Kibara rigidifolia and Cupaniopsis flagelliformis (brown tuckeroo) are frequently present in this layer. Scattered slender vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) and Tetracera nordtiana var. nordtiana, are frequent. The climbing palms, Calamus caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer vine) and C. australis (hairy mary) are often present, and form dense thickets in disturbed areas. Epiphytes such as Drynaria quercifolia are relatively scarce. A very sparse ground layer is composed of seedling trees, graminoids and ferns. Occurs on exposed metamorphic and granitic slopes.","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on exposed metamorphic and granitic slopes","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on exposed metamorphic and granitic slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 26; Tracey (1982), 12a, 12b","1, 2.","Mount Cook NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The vulnerable species Macadamia claudiensis and Macaranga polyadenia, and rare species Acmena mackinnoniana, Archidendron hirsutum, Bambusa forbesii, Beilschmiedia peninsularis, Brachychiton velutinosus, Cryptocarya claudiana, Gardenia scabrella, Margaritaria indica, Medinilla balls-headleyi and Pouteria xylocarpa occur in this ecosystem. High numbers of endemic plant species. Large numbers of rare butterfly species.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Iron Range, also present in Wet Tropics bioregion. Probable mixed forest community produced by irregular fires or cyclonic damage.","","3","11","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.4","31104","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Corymbia nesophila dominates the mid-dense canopy (18-26m tall). C. intermedia is frequently present as a subdominant canopy tree. A number of other Eucalypts may form minor components of the canopy. C. tessellaris was a co dominant species at a number of sites. The very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (8-18m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens, A. crassicarpa, Lophostemon suaveolens, C. nesophila, C. tessellaris, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Allocasuarina littoralis. Scattered Planchonia careya and Alphitonia obtusifolia low trees form a sparse layer (4-10m tall). The shrub layer (0.5-3.5m tall) varies from very sparse to mid-dense. Acacia crassicarpa, A. flavescens, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Corymbia nesophila, Alphitonia obtusifolia and Planchonia careya are the most commonly encountered dominant species in this layer. Themeda triandra, Eriachne triseta, Imperata cylindrica and Heteropogon triticeus are frequent dominant species in the very sparse to mid-dense ground layer. Occurs on hills and ranges.","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus spp. open forest. Occurs on wetter ranges in south-east","Corymbia nesophila ± Eucalyptus spp. open forest. Occurs on wetter ranges in south-east","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 41, 41A, 41B; Tracey (1982), 16j","2.","No representation.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South-east of Cape York Peninsula bioregion and adjacent Wet Tropics bioregion.","","3","11","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.5","31105","Not of concern","No concern at present","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (811 ha, most of which remains in an intact condition).","","Corymbia clarksoniana dominates the mid-dense canopy (8-23m tall). C. novoguinensis and C. intermedia dominated at sites where C. clarksoniana was absent. C. tessellaris is a consistent subdominant of the canopy. Acacia polystachya is also frequently subdominant. The very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens, A. polystachya, A. crassicarpa and Mallotus nesophilus. The shrub layer (0.2-2m tall) varies from very sparse to dense. Antidesma ghaesembilla, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides and Planchonia careya are the most frequent dominant species. This layer may be dense in places and dominated by pioneer closed-forest species. The ground layer varies from very sparse to dense. Common dominant species include Imperata cylindrica, Panicum trichoides and Flemingia parviflora. Occurs on coastal metamorphic ranges.","Corymbia clarksoniana ± C. tessellaris open forest on metamorphic coastal ranges","Corymbia clarksoniana ± C. tessellaris open forest on metamorphic coastal ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 37-11","","No representation.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Lockhart River Veg management status and biodiversity status under review","","3","11","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.6","31106","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Open forest to woodland of Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) ± E. leptophleba (Molloy red box) ± Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood). A sparse to mid-dense sub-canopy usually occurs while the shrub layer ranges from very sparse to mid-dense, and may contain rainforest pioneer species. The ground layer is mid-dense and dominated by the grasses Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Imperata cylindrica (bladey grass) and Arundinella setosa (cockatoo grass) or Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass). A third variant dominated by Corymbia tessellaris and C. clarksoniana occurs around the Altanmoui Range. Occurs on metamorphic hills. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.6a: Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) dominates the mid-dense canopy (15-20m tall). E. leptophleba (Molloy red box) is usually co dominant, and Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood), C. tessellaris (carbeen) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) occur frequently. A mid-dense sub canopy layer (4-13m tall) is usually present with Planchonia careya (cocky apple) and Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle) often present in this layer. A mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-4m tall) is present, and frequently contains rainforest pioneer species. The ground layer is mid-dense and dominated by the grasses, Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Imperata cylindrica (bladey grass) and Arundinella setosa (cockatoo grass). Occurs on slopes and crests of metamorphic hills. 3.11.6b: Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) dominates the sparse canopy. This species may be completely leafless at the end of the dry season. Scattered trees of Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) are often present in the canopy. A few sub canopy trees may be present. Isolated low shrubs of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree), Planchonia careya (cocky apple) and Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. may be present but rarely form a conspicuous layer. The ground layer is mid-dense to dense and dominated by grass species predominantly Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). Occurs on slopes of metamorphic hills 3.11.6c: Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (7-26m tall), usually with C. clarksoniana co dominant. Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree), Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) and other Eucalyptus spp.or Corymbia spp. may be present as subdominant trees. A very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens (powderpuff wattle), A. crassicarpa, Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) and Parinari nonda (nonda). At some sites either Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) or M. dealbata (paperbark) forms a conspicuous sub canopy layer. The shrub layer (0.5-5m tall) varies from very sparse to sparse. Antidesma ghaesembilla (black currant), Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) and Acacia leptocarpa (wattle) are the most commonly encountered species in this layer. The ground layer is very sparse to dense, with Imperata cylindrica (blady grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Scleria sp. and Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass) frequent dominant species. Occurs on metamorphic hills & slopes","Eucalyptus platyphylla ± E. leptophleba ± Corymbia nesophila open forest to woodland on hill slopes","Eucalyptus platyphylla, E. leptophleba open forest to woodland on hill slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 43, 87a, 44-11; Tracey (1982), 16h","2.","No representation.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","South-east of Cape York Peninsula bioregion and adjacent Wet Tropics bioregion.","","3","11","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.7","31107","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) and Corymbia dallachiana (ghost gum) dominate the sparse to very sparse canopy (11-19m tall). Other Eucalyptus spp. may be present in the canopy and are occasionally subdominant. Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush) is the primary species in a very sparse sub canopy layer (4-8m tall). The sparse shrub layer (0.2-1.5m tall) is characterised by the presence of Dolichandrone heterophylla (dolichandrone), Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant) and Grevillea mimosoides. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by the grasses, Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), and the forb Chamaecrista absus var. absus. Occurs on low hills and rises on metamorphic rocks.","Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on low hills and rises of the Coen-Yamba Inlier","Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on low hills and rises of the Coen-Yamba Inlier","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 69, Fox & Wilson (2004); m90-11c.","1, 6.","Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Coen-Yamba Inlier.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.8","31108","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (6-24m tall). Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s ironbark) is usually present as a subdominant canopy species. Other Eucalyptus spp.or Corymbia spp. may be present in the canopy and are occasionally subdominant. Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush), Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) and Acacia disparrima subsp. calidestris (black wattle) are frequent species in the very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (2-8m tall). The sparse shrub layer (0.2-3m tall) is dominated by the same species. The ground layer is sparse to dense and dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Occurs on metamorphic ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.11.8x1: The uneven sparse to mid-dense canopy (5-12m tall) is composed of a variety of mainly dry season deciduous species. Cochlospermum gillivraei (kapok bush), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Terminalia muelleri (Mueller’s damson) and Acacia polystachya (a wattle) frequently dominate this layer. Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) and Welchiodendron longivalve (yellow box penda) are often present as part of the canopy or as emergents (12-15m tall). A very sparse sub canopy layer (3-7m tall) is sometimes present. The sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-6m tall) is composed of a variety of species. Vines are frequent in both the shrub and tree layers. The ground layer is usually sparse, with grasses making up the majority of the cover. Occurs on metamorphic ranges.","Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland. On metamorphic ranges","Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland. On metamorphic ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 70. Fox & Wilson (2004); w59-11c.","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Ranges near Lockhart River","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.11.9","31109","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen’s ironbark) dominates the sparse canopy (9-18m tall). Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) is usually present as a subdominant species. Other Eucalyptus spp. and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) may be present in the canopy and are occasionally subdominant. Planchonia careya (cocky apple), Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis, Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle) and Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) are frequent species in the very sparse to sparse sub canopy layer (2-13m tall). The shrub layer (0.3-2m tall) is very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by a variety of species. The grasses Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Heteropogon contortus (black speargreass), H. triticeus (giant speargrass) and Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass) dominate the very sparse to mid-dense, ground layer. Occurs mainly on metamorphic hills.","Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on metamorphic hills","Eucalyptus cullenii, Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis woodland on metamorphic hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 71","1, 2, 5.","Starcke NP","The rare species Acacia armitii occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Also Einasleigh Uplands bioregion.","","3","11","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks" "3.12.1","31201","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest commonly including Aleurites moluccanus, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Alstonia scholaris, Garuga floribunda var. floribunda, Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum and Canarium australianum. There is a sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer and a very sparse shrub/low tree layer usually present . Occurs on granite slopes. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.1a: The dense, uneven canopy (18-23m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Aleurites moluccanus, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Acacia polystachya, Alstonia scholaris, Arytera divaricata and Cleistanthus peninsularis are frequent evergreen components of the canopy, occurring at high stem densities in some areas. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Garuga floribunda var. floribunda, Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Canarium australianum, Miliusa horsfieldii and Brachychiton grandiflorus. These trees may occur as emergents in places. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (8-20m tall) is composed of a variety of species with Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia, Diospyros fasciculosa, Aidia racemosa, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Arytera divaricata, Barringtonia calyptrata, Berrya javanica and Bosistoa medicinalis occurring most frequently. The palm Ptychosperma macarthurii is sometimes present in the sub canopy. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (1-8m tall) is usually present with Dimorphocalyx australiensis, Alectryon tomentosus, Buchanania arborescens, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Ficus opposita, Leea indica, Phaleria octandra, Arytera bifoliolata and Atalaya australiana occurring frequently. Climbers, particularly thin wiry vines such as Parsonsia velutina, are relatively frequent. Epiphytes are sparse. The ground layer is very sparse, and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on granite slopes. 3.12.1b: The dense, uneven canopy (18-23m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Aleurites moluccanus, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Acacia polystachya, Alstonia scholaris, Arytera divaricata and Cleistanthus peninsularis are frequent evergreen components of the canopy, occurring at high stem densities in some areas. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Garuga floribunda var. floribunda, Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Canarium australianum, Miliusa horsfieldii and Brachychiton grandiflorus. These trees may occur as emergents in places. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (8-20m tall) is composed of a variety of species with Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia, Diospyros fasciculosa, Aidia racemosa, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Arytera divaricata, Barringtonia calyptrata, Berrya javanica and Bosistoa medicinalis occurring most frequently. The palm Ptychosperma macarthurii is sometimes present in the sub canopy. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (1-8m tall) is usually present with Dimorphocalyx australiensis, Alectryon tomentosus, Buchanania arborescens, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Ficus opposita, Leea indica, Phaleria octandra, Arytera bifoliolata and Atalaya australiana occurring frequently. Climbers, particularly thin wiry vines such as Parsonsia velutina, are relatively frequent. Epiphytes are sparse. The ground layer is very sparse, and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on metamorphic slopes.","Semi-deciduous mesophyll/notophyll vine forest on granite slopes, in the central bioregion","Semi-deciduous mesophyll/notophyll vine forest on granite slopes, in the central bioregion","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 9, 9-11","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The rare species Aristolochia chalmersii, Brachychiton grandiflorus, B. velutinosus, Citrus garrawayae, Omphalea papuana, Tetrameles nudiflora and Wrightia versicolor occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Western slopes of the McIlwraith Range. 3.12.1a: A variant (vegetation unit 9A) occurs in the drier areas on boulder-strewn granite slopes. The canopy is reduced in height to between 6 to 18 metres tall, with a high percentage of deciduous species. Barringtonia calyptrata, Ficus obliqua, Acronychia sp. (Batavia Downs J.R.Clarkson+ 8511), Cleistanthus peninsularis, Croton arnhemicus and Stenocarpus salignus dominate the canopy in various areas. Emergent trees up to 28 metres tall include Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Brachychiton grandiflorus, Canarium australianum and Paraserianthes toona.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.18","31218","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) dominates the sparse canopy (13-23m tall) forming mainly woodlands. Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) is a frequent subdominant tree. E. platyphylla (poplar gum) is sometimes present in the canopy. A very sparse low tree layer (3-12m tall) is occasionally present where the most commonly encountered species are Dendrolobium umbellatum (horse bush), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) and Eucalyptus spp. A very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is sometimes present. Flueggea virosa ssp. melanthesoides (white currant), Grewia latifolia (dog’s balls), Dendrolobium umbellatum, Planchonia careya (cocky apple) and Eucalyptus spp. are the primary species in this layer. The ground layer is mid-dense to dense and dominated by a variety of grasses including Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), H. contortus (black speargrass), Cymbopogon refractus (barbed wire grass) and Capillipedium parviflorum (scented top). Occurs on coastal hills and ranges.","Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia clarksoniana woodland to open woodland on coastal hills","Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia clarksoniana woodland to open woodland on coastal hills","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 116a","1, 4.","Iron Range NP, Iron Range Regards, Rosemary","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Central Peninsula.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.19","31219","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Woodland of Corymbia confertiflora (broad-leaved carbeen) or Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate). In exposed situations the C. confertiflora vegetation community forms low open woodlands. A very sparse subcanopy may be present and a very sparse shrub layer is generally present. Occurs on volcanic hills and ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.19a: Corymbia confertiflora dominates the sparse canopy (7-20m tall) forming woodlands, and low open-woodlands in exposed situations. C. clarksoniana is a frequent subdominant tree. E. platyphylla is occasionally present in the canopy. A very sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is sometimes present, with Flueggea virosa ssp. melanthesoides and Grewia latifolia Restricted to granodiorite hills and ranges. 3.12.19b: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) dominates the sparse canopy (12-22m tall). Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis (gum-topped bloodwood) is always present and Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is often present as subdominant canopy trees. Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) is occasionally present and may be dominant in places. Adenanthera abrosperma (bead tree), Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs) are the most frequently encountered trees in the very sparse sub canopy layer (4-12m tall). A very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.2-2m tall) is present. Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree), or less frequently, Bossiaea armitii dominates this layer. Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Planchonia careya and Acacia rothii (Roth’s wattle) are other commonly encountered shrubs. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses such as Thaumastochloa sp., Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) and Schizachyrium fragile (fire grass) and the sedge Schoenus sparteus. Occurs on volanic hills and ranges.","Corymbia confertiflora or Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland.","Corymbia confertiflora woodland. Restricted to granodiorite hills in the central Peninsula","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 116b, 97-12","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Central Peninsula.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.2","31202","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The uneven canopy (8-15m tall) is dominated mainly by evergreen species. Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Dysoxylum oppositifolium (pink mahogany), Acacia midgleyi or A. disparrima subsp. calidestris (brown sallwood), A. polystachya (a wattle) and Sterculia quadrifida (peanut tree) are frequent dominants. The very sparse emergent layer (17-30m tall) of Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) is a conspicuous feature of this unit. Polyscias elegans (celery wood) and Polyalthia nitidissima (canary beech) are dominant species in the mid-dense sub canopy (6-8m tall) layer. A sparse shrub layer (1-3m tall) is dominated by Acronychia laevis (hard aspen), Atractocarpus sessilis (false gardenia) and Myrsine porosa (northern muttonwood). Thin wiry vines are common and vascular epiphytes scarce. The ground layer is very sparse composed of isolated clumps of seedlings and ferns. Occurs on ridges and upper slopes of the predominantly granite.","Araucarian notophyll vine forest with Araucaria cunninghamii on granitic ridges and mountains","Araucarian notophyll vine forest with Araucaria cunninghamii on granitic ridges and mountains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 15","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The vulnerable species Arenga australasica, and rare species Archidendron hirsutum, Chrysophyllum lanceolatum, Cinnamomum baileyanum and Mischarytera macrobotrys occur in this ecosystem. Important genetic populations of plantation tree Araucaria cunninghamii.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Altanmoui, McIlwraith and Melville Ranges.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.20","31220","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Welchiodendron longivalve dominates the dense uneven canopy (4-14m tall). Acacia polystachya, Terminalia muelleri and Canarium australianum are frequently co dominant canopy trees. Occasional Eucalyptus spp. may be present as emergents. A mixed, sparse sub canopy layer (2-8m tall) is sometimes present, with Dalbergia densa var. australis frequently present at high densities. A variable, but generally sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is usually present with Alyxia spicata, Drypetes deplanchei, Dalbergia densa var. australis, Acacia brassii, A. polystachya and the vine Abrus precatorius frequently occurring. The ground layer is very sparse and composed of a variable mix of herb species. Scleria spp., Schizachyrium spp., Curcuma australasica and Cheilanthes spp. are characteristically found in this layer. Occurs on headlands.","Evergreen notophyll vine forest dominated by Welchiodendron longivalve on headlands","Evergreen notophyll vine forest dominated by Welchiodendron longivalve on headlands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 124","3, 4.","Jardine River NP","The vulnerable species Myrmecodia beccarii, and rare species Wrightia versicolor occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Occurs on northern headlands and Torres Strait islands.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.21","31221","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Low closed forest of Cochlospermum gillivraei (kapok bush), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Terminalia muelleri (Mueller’s damson) and Acacia polystachya (a wattle). A very sparse sub canopy layer is sometimes present and there is usually a sparse to mid-dense shrub layer. A lower variation dominated by Manilkara kauki (wongai) occurs on off-shore islands. Occurs on granite boulder slopes and on granite slopes on rocky offshore islands. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.21a: The uneven sparse to mid-dense canopy (5-12m tall) is composed of a variety of mainly dry season deciduous species. Cochlospermum gillivraei (kapok bush), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Terminalia muelleri (Mueller’s damson) and Acacia polystachya (a wattle) frequently dominate this layer. Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) and Welchiodendron longivalve (yellow box penda) are often present as part of the canopy or as emergents (12-15m tall). A very sparse sub canopy layer (3-7m tall) is sometimes present. The sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-6m tall) is composed of a variety of species. Vines are frequent in both the shrub and tree layers. The ground layer is usually sparse, with grasses making up the majority of the cover. Occurs on granite boulder slopes. 3.12.21c: Manilkara kauki (wongai), together with Cochlospermum gillivraei (kapok bush), Acacia polystachya (a wattle) and Buchanania arborescens (native mango), are usually dominant. The canopy varies from 3-14m tall depending on exposure to the prevailing winds. Eugenia reinwardtiana (sweet cherry), Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig), Premna serratifolia (creek premna) and Abrus precatorius (gidee gidee) occur commonly in the shrub layer (1-5m tall). The ground layer is usually sparse, with grasses making up the majority of the cover. Occurs on granite slopes on rocky offshore islands.","Deciduous vine thicket. Occurs on granite slopes mainly on the Great Dividing Range and offshore islands","Deciduous vine thicket. Occurs on granite slopes mainly on the Great Dividing Range","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 126, 126a; Tracey (1982), 11","1, 2.","Iron Range NP, Mungkan Kandju NP, Cape Melville NP","The endangered species Muellerargia timorensis, and rare species Acacia fleckeri, Austromyrtus lucida, Macrostelia grandiflora subsp. grandifolia, Citrus garrawayae, Plectranthus arenicola and Wrightia versicolor occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Mainly on Great Dividing Range and rocky offshore islands.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.22","31222","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The closed canopy (8-16m tall) is dominated by Millettia pinnata, Wodyetia bifurcata and Canarium australianum. A mid-dense sub canopy layer (10-12m tall) is dominated by Wrightia laevis, Atalaya sericopetala and Millettia pinnata. A sparse low tree layer (4-6m tall) and sparse shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) is usually present. Mallotus philippensis, Memecylon pauciflorum var. pauciflorum and Euphorbia sp. are frequent in these layers. Herbs are very sparse, with the ground being covered with leaf litter. Occurs amongst granite boulders.","Deciduous vine thicket ± Wodyetia bifurcata on granite boulders on Melville and Altanmoui Range","Deciduous vine thicket ± Wodyetia bifurcata on granite boulders on Melville and Altanmoui Range","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 127","2.","Cape Melville NP","Habitat for rare and threatened flora species including Wodyetia bifurcata (Cape Melville only) and Acacia fleckeri.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. Fuel reduction in the surrounding vegetation under low fire danger conditions reduces the risk of damaging wildfires. ","Cape Melville, and also on the Altanmoui Range.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.23","31223","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Low open forest of Acacia brassii ± Melaleuca viridiflora and Welchiodendron longivalve. A sparse, variable shrub layer is sometimes present. The ground layer is usually very sparse, although it may be mid-dense in small patches where sufficient soil accumulates. Vegetation community 3.12.23b is a notophyll vine forest occurring in similar landscape positions. Occurs on acid volcanics. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.23a: Acacia brassii dominates the mid-dense but frequently broken canopy (3-7m tall). Melaleuca viridiflora and Welchiodendron longivalve are usually present as part of the canopy. Deciduous trees such as Canarium australianum, Ficus opposita and Margaritaria dubium-traceyi may also be present. A sparse, variable shrub layer (0.8-1m tall) is sometimes present. The ground layer is usually very sparse, although it may be mid-dense in small patches where sufficient soil accumulates. Occurs on acid volcanics. 3.12.23b: Manilkara kauki dominates the dense uneven canopy (6-15m tall). Mimusops elengi, Terminalia arenicola, T. muelleri and Canarium australianum may frequently be co dominant canopy trees. Erythrina variegata dominates the canopy at a few sites. Drypetes deplanchei, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Exocarpos latifolius and Diospyros maritima may be present as sub canopy trees (2-10m tall). A variable shrub layer (1-6m tall) is usually present with Premna serratifolia and the vine Abrus precatorius frequently occurring. The ground layer is very sparse and composed of a variable mix of herb species. Restricted to hills on mainland islands in the Great Barrier Reef.","Acacia brassii low open forest on acid volcanics on northern ranges and islands","Acacia brassii low open forest on acid volcanics on northern ranges and islands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 134, 122-12.","1, 3.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 6-10 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Frequent fires may eliminate Acacia and other obligate seeding species. Hot fires may assist seed germination. Best protection from wildfires is the creation of a multi-aged mosaic and perimeter burning. Storm-burning may permit fires hot enough to enhance seed germination, but restrict spread and allow the creation and maintenance of a multi-aged mosaic. ","Northern ranges and continental Torres Strait islands.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.24","31224","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus crebra form an even but discontinuous canopy (6-8m tall). E. brassiana is usually present but generally occurs at low densities. Eucalyptus mediocris occurred in the canopy at Cape Bedford. There are two very sparse layers of shrubs and young trees; one 2-4m tall dominated by young Eucalyptus spp., and the other 0.5-1m tall dominated by Acacia calyculata, Dodonaea lanceolata var. subsessilifolia, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Jacksonia thesioides and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Most of the soil surface is covered with leaf litter or exposed rock. ","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus crebra low open forest on Melville Range and headlands","Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus crebra low open forest on Melville Range and headlands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 136","2.","Cape Melville NP","","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Occurs on Melville Range and coastal headlands in south of bioregion. The height of the canopy is frequently determined by exposure to prevailing south-easterly winds. In very rocky areas, a dwarf open-heath of Allocasuarina littoralis, Grevillea pteridifolia, Hibbertia oblongata and Jacksonia thesioides forms, while in deeper gullies, Eucalyptus brassiana and Acacia leptocarpa become prominent. In sheltered, more mesic positions, particularly gullies, Erythrophleum chlorostachys forms a prominent component of the canopy. Lophostemon suaveolens and Allocasuarina littoralis may also be present in the canopy, and Corymbia tessellaris is sometimes present as an emergent tree (10m tall). A denser shrub layer (2-4m tall, 20% PFC) is frequently present. Buchanania arborescens, Canarium australianum and Schefflera actinophylla occur in some gullies.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.25","31225","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Lophostemon suaveolens dominates the mid-dense canopy (9-11m tall). Eucalyptus crebra and Acacia flavescens are co dominant. The shrub layer is mid-dense and ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 metres tall. Endiandra glauca dominates this layer, with Litsea breviumbellata and Myrsine variabilis also occurring at high densities. The ground layer is very sparse, with the soil surface covered in leaf litter ","Lophostemon suaveolens, Eucalyptus crebra low open forest. Occurs on Altanmoui Range","Lophostemon suaveolens, Eucalyptus crebra low open forest. Occurs on Altanmoui Range","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 137","2.","Cape Melville NP","","SEASON: Various, avoiding hottest time of the year. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Need for fuel reduction burns depends on amount of shrub invasion and community structure. ","Occurs on the Altanmoui Range.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.26","31226","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Woodland to low open woodland of Melaleuca viridiflora, (broad-leaved teatree) ± Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree) ± Asteromyrtus spp. Emergent Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood) or Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) may also occur. A sparse sub-canopy layer may be present as is a very sparse to sparse shrub layer. Occurs on granite hills and ranges. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.26a: Melaleuca viridiflora, (broad-leaved teatree) together with Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak), Asteromyrtus brassii and sometimes Acacia brassii (Brass’s wattle) dominate the sparse canopy (4-12m tall). Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and less frequently Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) are present as emergent trees (9-16m tall). The same species dominate the sparse low tree layer (2-5m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with Acacia calyculata, Persoonia falcata (geebung), Hibbertia banksii forma banksii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Choriceras tricorne (Cape Choriceras) occurring at the highest densities. The ground layer is sparse, and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). Commonly encountered graminoids include Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grasses), Schoenus sparteus and Cleistochloa spp. Occurs on granite ranges. 3.12.26b: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) dominates the sparse canopy (5-11m tall). Emergent trees of Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) (7-23m tall) are sometimes present. Scattered low trees (2-5m tall) such as Acacia spp. (wattles), Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa and Banksia dentata (banksia) may be present and a very sparse layer of shrubs (0.3-2m tall) may sometimes be present. The ground layer is sparse to dense and dominated by graminoids. Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass), Scleria spp. (milk drop sedge), Fimbristylis spp., Eremochloa bimaculata (poverty grass), Aristida dominii (three-awned speargrass) and Schoenus sparteus are some of the frequent species in this layer. Occurs on granite ranges 3.12.26c: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) dominates a very sparse canopy (4-14m tall) with scattered emergent Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) (8-18m tall) often present. Other Corymbia spp. or Eucalyptus spp. occur very occasionally as emergent trees. A very sparse sub canopy tree layer (2-9m tall) is present at most sites with Melaleuca viridiflora and Petalostigma pubescens (quinine berry) occurring at the greatest densities. A very sparse shrub layer (<0.5 m) dominated by M. viridiflora juveniles is present at most sites. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses or sedges in wetter parts. Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass), Aristida spp. (three-awn spear grasses), Eriachne spp. (wanderrie grasses) and Eremochloa bimaculata (poverty grass) are common dominant species in this layer. Occurs on slopes of granite hills 3.12.26x1: Melaleuca viridiflora, together with Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa dominate the sparse canopy (4-10m tall). Corymbia novoguinensis is present as part of the canopy or as an emergent tree (6-10m tall) in the Torres Strait islands. Scattered Banksia dentata, Livistona muelleri, Xylomelum scottianum and Acacia species are present as sub canopy trees. A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with mid-dense stands of Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa occurring in some areas. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by Dapsilanthus ramosus in some areas. Eriachne triseta, Schoenus sparteus and Heteropogon triticeus are consistently present graminoids. Occurs on granite hills 3.12.26x2: Melaleuca viridiflora, together with Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa dominate the sparse canopy (4-10m tall). Corymbia novoguinensis is present as part of the canopy or as an emergent tree (6-10m tall) in the Torres Strait islands. Scattered Banksia dentata, Livistona muelleri, Xylomelum scottianum and Acacia species are present as sub canopy trees. A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with mid-dense stands of Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa occurring in some areas. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by Dapsilanthus ramosus in some areas. Eriachne triseta, Schoenus sparteus and Heteropogon triticeus are consistently present graminoids. Occurs on granite hills on islands","Melaleuca viridiflora ± Neofabricia myrtifolia low woodland on granitic ranges","Melaleuca viridiflora ± Neofabricia myrtifolia low woodland on granitic ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 146-12; 144-12; 159-12","1, 4.","Iron Range NP","","SEASON: Storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns will maintain a mosaic of fire ages, but the aim should be to generally exclude fire. ","West of Lockhart River and on granite hills on Torres Strait islands.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.27","31227","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (1260 ha total area).","No representation","Melaleuca viridiflora, together with Welchiodendron longivalve, dominates the sparse canopy (4-8m tall). Acacia brassii, Euroschinus falcatus var. falcatus and Neofabricia myrtifolia are other frequent low trees. A sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is present with Alyxia spicata, Indigofera pratensis, Petalostigma pubescens and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii dominant in some areas. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by graminoids. Eulalia mackinlayi, Eremochloa bimaculata and Cleistochloa sclerachne are locally dominant. Occurs on ridge crests.","Welchiodendron longivalve, Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland on ridge crests in Iron Range","Welchiodendron longivalve, Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland on ridge crests in Iron Range","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 148","1.","No representation.","","SEASON: Storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns will maintain a mosaic of fire ages, but the aim should be to generally exclude fire. ","Iron Range area.","","3","12","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.28","31228","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (7200 ha, most of which is in an intact condition).","Medium","Leptospermum purpurascens tall shrubs dominate the sparse canopy (2-9m tall). Acacia brassii, Melaleuca viridiflora and Canthium sp. are frequently subdominant in the canopy, and may form a sparse emergent layer (4-7m tall). A very sparse, low shrub layer (0.3-2m tall) dominated by L. purpurascens, Shonia tristigma and Hovea sp. is frequently present. The ground layer is very sparse and short, and dominated by annual graminoids. Rock pavements devoid of any vegetation are frequent. Occurs on acid volcanic hills and ranges.","Leptospermum purpurascens tall shrubland on acid volcanic hills in the Iron Range area","Leptospermum purpurascens tall shrubland on acid volcanic hills in the Iron Range area","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 163","1.","Iron Range NP","Leptospermum purpurascens is endemic to this bioregion, and dominates the biomass of this ecosystem.","SEASON: Storm time burns. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. ISSUES: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns will maintain a mosaic of fire ages. ","Iron Range area.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.29","31229","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (combined REs 3.3.57, 3.12.29 and 3.12.30 cover 8890 ha; most of this ecosystem remains in an intact condition).","Low","Heteropogon triticeus dominates the mid-dense to dense ground layer (0.3-1.0m tall), with grass inflorescences to 2m tall). Sarga plumosum and Heteropogon contortus may form minor components of the grass biomass. Cassytha filiformis, Evolvulus alsinoides and Wollastonia biflora are the most frequent and abundant forbs. Low emergent shrubs (1-6m tall) are rarely present. The high accumulation of dry plant material covers the land surface. ","Heteropogon triticeus ± Sarga plumosum closed tussock grassland on continental islands","Heteropogon triticeus ± Sarga plumosum closed tussock grassland on continental islands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 182b","1, 3.","Sir Charles Hardy Islands NP.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season, with occasional storm burn or late dry season fire of limited extent. Burn when fires can be contained, usually between Mar and June. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Requires frequent fire, although increased fire frequency could alter the composition of these restricted grasslands. Cattle grazing may need to be controlled. ","Restricted to the rocky continental islands off the eastern and northern coasts. Increased fire frequency could alter the composition of these restricted grasslands.","","3","12","","Grassland","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.3","31203","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Evergreen to semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest which includes Acacia spp. (wattle), Blepharocarya involucrigera (bollygum), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Argyrodendron polyandrum (brown tulip oak) and Grevillea baileyana (Findlay’s silky oak). There is a sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer and a very sparse shrub or low tree layer is usually present. Also sometimes occurs as a semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest with the Acacia spp. absent. Occurs on granitic slopes and plateaus. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.3a: The dense, even canopy (15-35m tall) is composed of a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Acacia midgleyi (brown salwood) A. polystachya (a wattle), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut), Argyrodendron polyandrum (brown tulip oak), Diospyros hebecarpa, Dysoxylum oppositifolium (pink mahogany), Endiandra longipedicellata (buff walnut) and Grevillea baileyana (Findlay’s silky oak) are frequent evergreen trees Stem densities may be high in some areas. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Berrya javanica, Canarium australianum (brown cudgerie) and Brachychiton velutinosus (brush kurrajong). These trees may occur as emergents up to 45 metres tall in places. The mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (5-20m tall) is composed of a variety of species with Chionanthus ramiflora (native olive), Endiandra glauca (brown walnut), Rinorea bengalensis and Strychnos minor occurring often. The palm Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) is sometimes present in the sub canopy. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (0.5-8m tall) is usually present. Dimorphocalyx australiensis (Shipton’s glory), Tabernaemontana orientalis, Kibara rigidifolia, Micromelum minutum (cluster berry), Randia sessilis (native gardenia), Cleistanthus hylandii, Glycosmis trifoliata, Ixora timorensis (black berry tree) and Rinorea bengalensis occur frequently. Climbing palms, such as Calamus caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer cane) and C. australis (hairy mary) and vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) and Austrosteenisia blackii (bloodvine), are commonly encountered. Epiphytes are sparse. Asplenium australasicum (bird’s nest fern) is the most commonly encountered species. The ground layer is very sparse and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on ridges and upper slopes of the predominantly granite. 3.12.3b: A fairly even, closed canopy (12-35m tall) dominated mainly by Acacia polystachya (a wattle), A. midgleyi (brown salwood) or Blepharocarya involucrigera (bollygum). Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine), Grevillea baileyana (Findlay’s silky oak) Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany), Argyrodendron polyandrum (red tulip oak) and Buchanania arborescens (native mango) are often present and subdominant in the canopy. Eucalyptus spp. form a sparse emergent layer (20-40m tall) in places. The sub canopy layer (10-25 metres tall) consists of a variety of evergreen species with Cryptocarya cunninghamii (coconut laurel), C. vulgaris (northern laurel), Dysoxylum acutangulum, Endiandra glauca (brown walnut), Chionanthus ramiflora (native olive) and Epipremnum pinnatum the most frequent trees. A sparse, low tree layer (0.5-10m tall) is usually present. Atractocarpus sessilis (native gardenia), Diploglottis macrantha, Tabernaemontana orientalis, Cryptocarya claudiana, Kibara rigidifolia and Cupaniopsis flagelliformis (brown tuckeroo) are frequently present in this layer. Scattered slender vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) and Tetracera nordtiana var. nordtiana, are frequent. The climbing palms, Calamus caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer vine) and C. australis (hairy mary) are often present, and form dense thickets in disturbed areas. Epiphytes such as Drynaria quercifolia are relatively scarce. A very sparse ground layer is composed of seedling trees, graminoids and ferns. Occurs on ridges and upper slopes of granite ranges 3.12.3c: Deciduous and evergreen trees form a dense, more or less even canopy (20-35m tall). The deciduous trees with prominent buttressed trunks Ficus albipila var. albipila (fig) and Tetrameles nudiflora are common as emergents and can reach 45m tall. Frequent deciduous canopy trees include Nauclea orientalis (Leichhardt tree), Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum (bombax), Semecarpus australiensis (tar tree), Terminalia sericocarpa (sovereignwood) and Wrightia laevis (white cheesewood). Castanospermum australe (black bean) is a very common component of the canopy occurring at high stem densities in some areas. Other commonly encountered, evergreen, canopy trees include Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut), Alstonia scholaris (milky pine), Argyrodendron polyandrum (brown tulip oak), Beilschmiedia obtusifolia (black walnut), Buchanania arborescens (native mango), Cryptocarya hypospodia (northern laurel), C. triplinervis var. riparia (brown laurel), Syzygium bamagense (Bamaga satinash), Ganophyllum falcatum (scaly ash), Calophyllum australianum (calophyllum) and Endiandra longipedicellata (buff walnut). The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (15-25m tall) is composed of a variety of species including Myristica globosa ssp.muelleri, Pisonia umbellifera (cabbage wood), Toechima daemelianum (Cape tamarind), Mallotus spp. and Garcinia spp. The palms Caryota albertii, Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) and Archontophoenix tuckeri are often present. A very sparse shrub/low tree layer (1-12m tall) is usually present with Cleistanthus apodus (weeping cleistanthus), Glycosmis trifoliata, Atractocarpus sessilis (false gardenia), Leea indica (bandicoot berry), Lunasia amara, Diospyros cupulosa and Ixora timorensis (black berry tree) occurring frequently. Thin wiry vines such as Flagellaria indica (supplejack) are common. Climbing palms such as Calamus australis (hairy mary), C. caryotoides (fish-tail lawyer cane) and C. warburgii (wait a while) may be present. Epiphytes are sparse. The ground layer is very sparse and composed mainly of seedlings. Occurs on granite slopes.","Notophyll vine forest. Occurs on granitic slopes and plateaus.","Notophyll vine forest. Occurs on granitic slopes and plateaus on Iron and McIlwraith Ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 21; 26-12; 8-12","1.","Iron Range NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The vulnerable species Gardenia psidioides, Hodgkinsonia frutescens, Macadamia claudiensis, and rare species Acmena mackinnoniana, Aglaia argentea, Archidendron hirsutum, Beilschmiedia peninsularis, Brachychiton velutinosus, Chrysophyllum lanceolatum, Cinnamomum baileyanum, Croton brachypus, Cryptocarya claudiana, Endiandra collinsii, Flindersia brassii, Gardenia scabrella, Harpullia arborea, H. ramiflora, Litsea macrophylla, Macrostelia grandiflora subsp. macilwraithensis, Margaritaria indica, Citrus garrawayae, Mischarytera macrobotrys, Pandanus zea, Pouteria xylocarpa, Syzygium aqueum, S. pseudofastigiatum and Tetrameles nudiflora occur in this ecosystem. High numbers of endemic plant species. Large numbers of rare and uncommon butterfly species. Many fauna reach southern limits or are restricted to this unit, e.g. eclectus parrot, butterfly species.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Iron and McIlwraith Ranges.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.30","31230","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (combined REs 3.3.57, 3.12.29 and 3.12.30 cover 8890 ha; most of this ecosystem remains in an intact condition).","Low","Imperata cylindrica dominates the tall, dense ground layer, with Heteropogon contortus and Mnesithea rottboellioides subdominant grasses. Cymbopogon refractus, H. triticeus and Rottboellia cochinchinensis* also occur frequently. Occurs on the steep slopes.","Imperata cylindrica ± Mnesithea rottboellioides closed tussock grassland on steep slopes","Imperata cylindrica ± Mnesithea rottboellioides closed tussock grassland on steep slopes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 182a","1, 2.","Iron Range NP.","","SEASON: Progressive early to mid-dry season, followed by storm time burns. Burn when fires will carry, which is generally Sep to Oct. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Fire exclusion and/or mild early dry season fires will benefit woody species at the expense of ground layer species, causing vegetation thickening. Late dry season fires and storm-burn help to restore the dominance of grasses. Reduction in cattle grazing may be required to produce adequate fire intensity. ","McIlwraith Range and on Mount Piebald near Hopevale.","","3","12","","Grassland","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.31","31231","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Themeda triandra dominates the mid-dense ground layer (10-60cm tall), which varies in height depending on exposure to the prevailing winds. Heteropogon contortus, Cassytha filiformis and Zornia muriculata are frequently present, but contribute only a small proportion of the biomass. Scattered shrubs may be present, but are generally windsheared and do not emerge much above the ground layer. Restricted to rocky headlands and islands. The lithology is predominantly acid volcanic rocks, but it may also occur on metamorphics and sandstones. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.31x1: The plants making up the sparse to mid-dense, even canopy (10-50cm tall) are severely windsheared. In sheltered positions, eg. between rocks, the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Grevillea pteridifolia, Melaleuca viridiflora and Neofabricia myrtifolia usually occur at the highest densities, with Leucopogon ruscifolius locally dominant. Although in many areas, the canopy has a PFC of greater than 70%, the large amount of outcropping rock reduces the overall PFC to about 50%. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on granite headlands 3.12.31x2a: A variety of dwarf shrubs (10-60cm tall) dominate this regional ecosystem, with Acacia humifusa, Lithomyrtus obtusa, Grevillea pteridifolia, Neoroepera banksii, Petalostigma pubescens and Jacksonia thesioides, the most frequent. Occasional taller shrubs (1-2m) may be present in sheltered positions. The ground layer is frequently indistinct from the dwarf shrub layer. The dominant grasses are Eremochloa bimaculata, Heteropogon triticeus and Sarga plumosum. 3.12.31x2b: A variety of dwarf shrubs (10-60cm tall) dominate this regional ecosystem, with Acacia humifusa, Lithomyrtus obtusa, Grevillea pteridifolia, Neoroepera banksii, Petalostigma pubescens and Jacksonia thesioides, the most frequent. Occasional taller shrubs (1-2m) may be present in sheltered positions. The ground layer is frequently indistinct from the dwarf shrub layer. The dominant grasses are Eremochloa bimaculata, Heteropogon triticeus and Sarga plumosum. Granite islands.","Themeda triandra tussock grassland on headlands and islands on acid volcanic rocks","Themeda triandra tussock grassland on headlands and islands on acid volcanic rocks","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 189, 189b","1, 2, 3, 4.","Cape Melville NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season, with occasional storm burn or late dry season fire of limited extent. Burn when fires can be contained, usually between Mar and June. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Cattle grazing may need to be controlled. Fire regime aims to protect grassland from shrub invasion. ","a variant (vegetation unit 189B) occurs on Lizard Island and was described by Byrnes et al. (1977). Themeda triandra dominates the grassland, with Arundinella nepalensis co dominant in the valleys.","","3","12","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.32","31232","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a rare ecosystem (550 ha is total area of REs 3.12.31 and 3.12.32).","High","This grassland is usually dominated by Schizachyrium pachyarthron. Heteropogon triticeus, Eragrostis pubescens, Eriachne obtusa, E. squarrosa, Mnesithea formosa, Schizachyrium fragile and Themeda triandra are other frequent grasses. Phyllanthus virgatus, Brunoniella acaulis, Chamaecrista mimosoides, Flemingia parviflora, Polygala pycnophylla and Xenostegia tridentata were frequent forbs. Very occasional low trees and shrubs may be present. Restricted to rocky ranges and rock pavements, usually occurring on acid volcanic rocks, but also on sandstone.","Schizachyrium spp. ± Eriachne spp. tussock grassland on rocky ranges and rock pavements","Schizachyrium spp. ± Eriachne spp. tussock grassland on rocky ranges and rock pavements","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 189a, 189c","1, 2, 3, 4.","Cape Melville NP","","SEASON: Progressive early to mid-dry season, followed by storm time burns. Burn when fires will carry, which is generally Sep to Oct. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 1-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn up to 50% in any year. A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. ISSUES: Reduction in cattle grazing may be required to produce adequate fire intensity. Fire regime aims to protect grassland from shrub invasion ","In a variant (vegetation unit 189C), Schizachyrium spp., together with Ectrosia spp. and Rhynchospora sp., dominate a tussock grassland. Scattered trees and shrubs are frequently present, with Melaleuca viridiflora and M. stenostachya the most frequent woody species","","3","12","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.33","31233","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The majority of this unit is covered with a mass of granite boulders up to 700 metres tall. These grey boulders are covered in a layer of black blue green algae. In places between the boulders, individual trees particularly Ficus spp. occur. Small patches of deciduous microphyll vine thicket occur on the lower slopes and occasional areas mid-slope. The epiphytic fern Drynaria quercifolia may occur on the boulders and the lower branches of the trees. Dendrobium bigibbum and D. discolor also can occur in these situations. ","Granite boulders covered with blue-green algae. Occurs on Black Mountain and Cape Melville","Granite boulders covered with blue-green algae. Occurs on Black Mountain and Cape Melville","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 195","2.","Black Mountain NP, Cape Melville NP","The rare species Harpullia arborea occurs in this ecosystem. The endemic frogs Cophixalus saxatilis and Nactus galgajuga, and endemic skink Carlia scirtetis are restricted to this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Occurs at Black Mountain and Cape Melville.","","3","12","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.34","31234","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Sparse-herblands of ephemeral herbs on bare rock pavements with small areas where a little soil accumulates. In the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated, a tall shrubland may develop. This is usually dominated by deciduous species. The vegetation communities are differentiated on location and substrate. Occurs on bare rock pavements on hills where a little soil accumulates and in the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated. Major vegetation communities include: 3.12.34a: This unit consists of bare rock pavements with small areas of sparse-herblands composed of ephemeral herbs where a little soil accumulates. In the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated, a tall shrubland may develop. This is usually dominated by deciduous species. Occurs on bare rock pavements on hills where a little soil accumulates and in the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated. 3.12.34b: This unit consists of bare rock pavements with small areas of sparse-herblands composed of ephemeral herbs where a little soil accumulates. In the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated, a tall shrubland may develop. This is usually dominated by deciduous species. Occurs on bare rock pavements on sandstone hills where a little soil accumulates. 3.12.34c: This unit consists of bare rock pavements with small areas of sparse-herblands composed of ephemeral herbs where a little soil accumulates. In the crevices between the rocks or in depressions where a moderate depth of soil has accumulated, a tall shrubland may develop. This is usually dominated by deciduous species. Rock pavements associated with granite offshore islands.","Rock pavements associated with mountains and river beds in Iron and Altanmoui Ranges","Rock pavements associated with mountains and river beds in Iron and Altanmoui Ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 197, 197a, 197-10.","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Iron Range NP, Flinders Group NP","","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Iron Range and Altanmoui Range. Also upper reaches of the Archer River.","","3","12","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.4","31204","Of concern","Of concern","",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (4090 ha, most of which is in an intact condition.","No representation","Welchiodendron longivalve and Acacia polystachya dominate the dense uneven canopy (16-22m tall). Buchanania arborescens (dominant at site 931), Canarium australianum, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia and Ganophyllum falcatum are frequent canopy trees. Occasional Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum and Canarium australianum may be present as deciduous emergents. A mixed, dense sub canopy layer (8-15m tall) is usually present. Pleomele angustifolia may occur at high densities in this layer. A sparse variable shrub layer (0.5-2.5m tall) is usually present with Breynia cernua, Claoxylon tenerifolium, Clerodendrum floribundum, Dimorphocalyx australiensis, Diospyros compacta, Drypetes deplanchei and Halfordia kendack and Abrus precatorius frequently occurring. The ground layer is very sparse and variable in composition. Scleria sp., Curcuma australasica and Oplismenus undulatifolius var. mollis are characteristically found in this layer. Occurs on low hills and rises on volcanic.","Notophyll vine forest of Welchiodendron longivalve on Torres Strait Islands","Notophyll vine forest of Welchiodendron longivalve on Torres Strait Islands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 22","3.","No representation.","High diversity of vascular plants, many with restricted distributions. Structure varies with exposure.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. Fuel reduction in the surrounding vegetation under low fire danger conditions reduces the risk of damaging wildfires. ","Torres Strait islands, including Badu and Moa.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.5","31205","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The dense, fairly uneven canopy (16-19m tall) is dominated by a variety of evergreen species. Agathis robusta, Carnarvonia araliifolia, Litsea bindoniana, Macaranga subdentata, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana and Syzygium cormiflorum are the most commonly encountered species. Beilschmiedia obtusifolia and Pouteria xerocarpa dominate the canopy in places. Emergent Acacia celsa up to 22 metres tall may be present. The sub canopy layer (8-12m tall) is mid-dense to dense, with Gossia myrsinocarpa, Chionanthus ramiflora, Antirhea tenuiflora and Pullea stutzeri the most frequent species. The shrub/low tree layer is variable, with Harpullia rhyticarpa, Helicia australasica, H. nortoniana, Atractocarpus sessilis and Psychotria dallachiana the most frequent species. The climbing palm, Calamus caryotoides frequently occurs in disturbed areas. Palms such as Normanbya normanbyi are occasionally present in sheltered areas. Epiphytes including Asplenium nidus, Drynaria sp. and Platycerium sp., are frequent on tree trunks and boulders. Occurs on upper slopes of mountains and ranges.","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest. Upper slopes of mountains and ranges in the south","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest. Upper slopes of mountains and ranges in the south","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 23; Tracey (1982), 8","2.","Cape Melville NP, Mount Cook NP","High diversity of vascular plants, many with restricted distributions. The vulnerable species Normanbya normanbyi, and rare species Psychotria submontana occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","More extensive in the Wet Tropics bioregion.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.6","31206","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","The uneven closed canopy (15-25m tall) is dominated by Litsea fawcettiana, Wodyetia bifurcata, Aleurites moluccanus, Polyalthia nitidissima and Syzygium bamagense. Canarium australianum and Sterculia quadrifida are deciduous canopy elements. A sparse sub canopy layer (8-15m tall) and sparse shrub layer (1-8m tall) is usually present and composed of variety of species. Thin vines, such as Cissus repens and Parsonsia velutina occur frequently. Scattered plants of the climbing palm Calamus caryotoides are present. Herbs are very sparse, with the ground being covered with leaf litter. Occurs only on the slopes and colluvial sediments of granite ranges.","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest ± Wodyetia bifurcata on the Melville Range","Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest ± Wodyetia bifurcata on the Melville Range","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 29, 14","2.","Cape Melville NP","Habitat for rare and threatened flora species including Wodyetia bifurcata, Centotheca philippinensis and Austromyrtus lucida.(map unit 29) High levels of endemic plant species. The vulnerable species Calamus warburgii, Centotheca philippinensis, Macadamia claudiensis and Xanthostemon youngii, and rare species Acmena mackinnoniana, Aglaia argentea, Albizia retusa, Archidendron hirsutum, Bambusa forbesii, Brachychiton velutinosus, Cryptocarya burckiana, Harpullia arborea, H.ramiflora, Litsea macrophylla, Margaritaria indica, Citrus garrawayae, Mischarytera macrobotrys Pandanus zea, Syzygium buettnerianum, S. malaccense, S. pseudofastigiatum and Tetrameles nudiflora occur in this ecosystem.(map unit 14)","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. ","Restricted to Melville Range. Seed of Wodyetia bifurcata has been pilfered by smugglers. However, seed is becoming available from horticultural specimens and risk to wild populations should diminish through time.","","3","12","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.7","31207","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Eucalyptus brassiana (Cape York red gum) and Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) are consistently present and co dominate the mid-dense canopy (10-15m tall). A number of other Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. may be present. The ironbarks E. crebra, E. cullenii and E. drepanophylla are often common on exposed ridges. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (6-10m tall) is dominated by Allocasuarina littoralis (black she oak), Corymbia clarksoniana and Melaleuca nervosa. The shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is usually sparse and frequently includes Alyxia spicata (chain fruit), Breynia cernua (dwarf’s apple), C. clarksoniana, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides and Planchonia careya (cocky apple). This layer may be locally dominated by Dodonaea polyandra (hop bush) or Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (grass tree). The ground layer is very sparse and usually dominated by Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) and Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass). ","Eucalyptus brassiana, Corymbia clarksoniana open forest on McIlwraith and Melville Ranges","Eucalyptus brassiana, Corymbia clarksoniana open forest on McIlwraith and Melville Ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 36","1, 2.","Cape Melville NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","","SEASON: Dry season. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","Occurs on western McIlwraith Range and the Melville Range.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.8","31208","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Corymbia clarksoniana dominates the mid-dense canopy (8-23m tall). C. novoguinensis and C. intermedia dominated at sites where C. clarksoniana was absent. C. tessellaris is a consistent subdominant of the canopy. Acacia polystachya is also frequently subdominant. The very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens, A. polystachya, A. crassicarpa and Mallotus nesophilus. The shrub layer (0.2-2m tall) varies from very sparse to dense. Antidesma ghaesembilla, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides and Planchonia careya are the most frequent dominant species. This layer may be dense in places and dominated by pioneer closed-forest species. The ground layer varies from very sparse to dense. Common dominant species include Imperata cylindrica, Panicum trichoides and Flemingia parviflora. Occurs on coastal ranges and lowlands.","Corymbia clarksoniana ± C. tessellaris open forest on coastal ranges and lowlands","Corymbia clarksoniana ± C. tessellaris open forest on coastal ranges and lowlands","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 37","1, 2, 3.","Cape Melville NP, Iron Range NP, Iron Range RR, Mount Cook NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","The rare species Aristolochia chalmersii, Margaritaria indica and Pandanus zea occur in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","McIlwraith Range.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.12.9","31209","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (7-26m tall), usually with C. clarksoniana co dominant. Acacia crassicarpa (spoon tree), Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp mahogany) and other Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia spp. may be present as subdominant trees. A very sparse to mid-dense sub canopy tree layer (3-15m tall) is dominated by Acacia flavescens (powder puff wattle), A. crassicarpa, Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) and Parinari nonda (nonda). At some sites either Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaved teatree) or M. dealbata (paperbark) forms a conspicuous sub canopy layer. The shrub layer (0.5-5m tall) varies from very sparse to sparse. Antidesma ghaesembilla (black currant), Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (white currant), Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) and Acacia leptocarpa (wattle) are the most commonly encountered species in this layer. The ground layer is very sparse to dense, with Imperata cylindrica (blady grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass), Scleria sp. and Mnesithea rottboellioides (northern cane grass) frequent dominant species. Occurs on coastal ranges.","Corymbia tessellaris, C. clarksoniana open forest. Occurs on coastal ranges","Corymbia tessellaris, C. clarksoniana open forest. Occurs on coastal ranges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 44-12","1, 2, 6.","Cape Melville NP","The rare species Gardenia scabrella occurs in this ecosystem.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: Longer than 1-5 years recommended for similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. STRATEGY: Burn less than 30% in any year. Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. Sandy soil country such as this, needs longer intervals between burns to allow burnt areas to return to the more open vegetation structure & better grass cover than similar vegetation on non-sandy soils. Frequent burning on sandy soils promotes dense shrub growth in the mid layer and less grass growth & doesn't allow the community to return to an open state. ","East of McIlwraith Range.","","3","12","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Hills and lowlands on granite rocks" "3.2.1","30201","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Evergreen to semi-evergreen notophyll vine forest dominated by Syzygium forte subsp. forte, Terminalia muelleri, Mimusops elengi and Buchanania arborescens. There is a mid-dense to dense uneven canopy and a sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer is usually present. In the Starke and Cape Melville areas a variant of this is dominated by a higher proportion of the deciduous species in the canopy. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges in dunefields. Major vegetation communities include: 3.2.1a: Syzygium forte subsp. forte, Terminalia muelleri, Mimusops elengi, Buchanania arborescens, Acacia polystachya, Drypetes deplanchei and Manilkara kauki dominate the mid-dense to dense uneven canopy (7-25m tall). Xanthostemon youngii, frequently occurs in this regional ecosystem and dominates the canopy in some areas. A variety of species occur as a mid-dense to dense sub canopy layer (5-20m tall). A sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer (0.5-5m tall) is usually present with Atractocarpus sessilis and Eugenia reinwardtiana the primary species. Kibara rigidifolia, Cyclophyllum coprosmoides, Memecylon pauciflorum var. pauciflorum, Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa, Elaeodendron melanocarpum and Ixora timorensis are frequent components of the shrub/low tree layer. The ground layer is very sparse and composed of a variable mix of herb species. Vines such as Tetracera nordtiana var. nordtiana, Cansjera leptostachya and Alyxia spicata are common in the tree and shrub layers. Drynaria spp and the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium discolor occur occasionally. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges. 3.2.1b: This vegetation community is dominated by a larger proportion of deciduous species in the mid-dense to dense, uneven canopy (8-20m tall) than 3.2.1a. Garuga floribunda var. floribunda, Millettia pinnata, Terminalia muelleri and Vitex acuminata are the dominant deciduous species. The dominant evergreen species include Ganophyllum falcatum, Mimusops elengi, Niemeyera antiloga, Celtis paniculata, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Polyalthia nitidissima and Pouteria sericea. The sparse to mid-dense shrub/low tree layer (1-8m tall) contains a similar group of species to 3.2.1a. A large number of species of vines are present in both the canopy and low tree layer. The ground layer is very sparse. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges.","Evergreen notophyll vine forest in coastal dunefield systems","Evergreen notophyll vine forest on coastal dunes and beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 20, 20a","1, 2, 4.","Cape Melville NP, Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP","High numbers of endemic plant species. The endangered species Muellerargia timorensis, vulnerable species Gardenia psidioides, Myrmecodia beccarii and Xanthostemon youngii, and rare species Archidendron hirsutum, Aristolochia chalmersii, Beilschmiedia peninsularis, Brachychiton velutinosus, Cryptocarya claudiana, Flindersia brassii, Gardenia scabrella, Macrostelia grandiflora subsp. grandifolia, Citrus garrawayae, Mischarytera macrobotrys, Syzygium argyropedicum and S. buettnerianum occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","Vegetation community 3.2.1b occurs between Starke and Cape Melville. The dominance of deciduous species and the generally lower species diversity distinguishes it from 3.2.1a","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.10","30210","Of concern","Of concern","Under review",">30% remains of a restricted regional ecosystem (8060 ha, most of which is in an intact condition).","High","Woodland to low woodland (and sometimes open forest) of Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia clarksoniana (Clarkson's bloodwood). There is usually a sparse sub canopy tree layer and the shrub layer is sparse. A variant dominated by Acacia torulosa (a wattle) and Syzygium suborbiculare (lady apple) and a clumped denser shrub layer can occur. Occurs on stabilised dunes on the east and west coasts of Cape York Peninsula. Major vegetation communities include: 3.2.10a: Eucalyptus tetrodonta predominates forming a sparse canopy (9-22m tall). Corymbia clarksoniana is frequently present, and sometimes co dominant in the canopy. Scattered E. brassiana are sometimes present in the canopy. The very sparse sub canopy tree layer (3-8m tall) is dominated by Syzygium suborbiculare. The sparse shrub layer (0.3-3m tall) is composed of a variety of species, including Acacia torulosa, A. crassicarpa, A. flavescens, A. racospermoides, Alyxia spicata, Exocarpos latifolius, Leucopogon ruscifolius, Persoonia falcata and Petalostigma pubescens. The ground layer is usually very sparse to sparse and dominated by grasses, most frequently Panicum spp. and Aristida spp. Occurs on stabilised dunes on east coast plains. 3.2.10b: Acacia torulosa (a wattle) and Syzygium suborbiculare (lady apple) dominate the canopy. Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) is a scattered sub dominant species. The clumped mid-dense shrub layer is dominated by Lithomyrtus obtusa and Neoroepera banksii, with Alyxia spicata and Alphitonia obtusifolia less frequent. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by Eriachne pallescens (wanderrie grass) and Schizachyrium spp. (fire grass). Occurs on stabilised dunes on east coast plains. 3.2.10c: Eucalyptus tetrodonta (messmate) predominates forming a sparse canopy. Corymbia  clarksoniana (Clarkson’s bloodwood) is often present and sometimes co dominant to dominant in the canopy. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (Cooktown ironwood) is also frequently present in both the canopy and the very sparse to sparse sub canopy tree layer. Grevillea glauca (bushman’s clothes pegs), Erythroxylum ellipticum (matchwood), Alphitonia obtusifolia (soapwood), Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Melaleuca nervosa (paperbark) and a variety of other species are also common sub canopy trees. A very sparse to sparse shrub layer is composed of a variety of young trees and shrubby regrowth. The ground layer is usually very sparse to mid-dense and dominated by grasses, among them Schizachyrium spp. (firegrass), Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Panicum spp. (native panic), Aristida sp. (three-awn speargrass), Alloteropsis semialata (cockatoo grass) and Thaumastochloa spp. Mainly occurring on old sand dunes on western Cape York Peninsula","Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Corymbia clarksoniana ± E. brassiana or Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland on stabilised dunes","Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Corymbia clarksoniana ± E. brassiana woodland on stabilised dunes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 93, 93b, 92-2","2,7","Cape Melville NP","Habitat for the rare species Labichea buettneriana.","SEASON: Dry season. INTENSITY: Various. INTERVAL: 2-5 years. STRATEGY: Begin burning early in the fire season, followed by progressive patch fires burnt through the year. Burn less than 30% in any year. ISSUES: Management of this inherently stable, and fire tolerant vegetation type should be based on maintaining animal habitats and preventing extensive wildfire. Maintaining a fire mosaic will ensure protection of animal habitats and mitigate against wildfires. ","Starke Coastal Plain. A variation of 3.2.10a was recorded at CORVEG sites 585 & 913. At these sites Eucalyptus tetrodonta dominates the canopy (7-18m tall), with Corymbia hylandii subsp. peninsularis a subdominant canopy species. The sparse shrub layer (0.5-5m tall) was dominated by Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa, Neoroepera banksii and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The very sparse ground layer was dominated by Digitaria sp. and Schoenus sparteus.","","3","2","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.11","30211","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Acacia crassicarpa dominates the mid-dense to dense canopy (6-15m tall). Neofabricia myrtifolia and Syzygium banksii are frequently co dominant trees. The sparse to dense sub canopy (2-8m tall) is composed of a variety of trees, with Atractocarpus sessilis, Choriceras tricorne, Canthium sp., Leucopogon yorkensis and Halfordia kendack occurring at the highest densities. Pandanus conicus is frequently present as a conspicuous low tree. The sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is composed of a variety of shrubs and young trees of species of the upper layers, with Alyxia spicata and Lithomyrtus obtusa occurring locally at high densities. The ground layer is very sparse, mainly composed of scattered graminoids. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges.","Low microphyll vine forest. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges","Low microphyll vine forest. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 120","1, 4, 6.","Heathlands RR, Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP","The vulnerable species Xanthostemon youngii, and rare species Beilschmiedia peninsularis, Croton stockeri and Syzygium argyropedicum occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","East coast.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.12","30212","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","The dense to mid-dense canopy (6-20m tall) is dominated by a variety of species including Asteromyrtus angustifolia, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Syzygium banksii, Acacia crassicarpa and Araucaria cunninghamii. A sparse emergent tree layer of A. cunninghamii (15-30m tall) is present in small patches, generally on the deepest soils on the dune crests. The sparse to mid-dense sub canopy (2-8m tall) is composed of a variety of trees, with Atractocarpus sessilis, Choriceras tricorne, Canthium sp., Leucopogon yorkensis and Pandanus conicus occurring at the highest densities. The sparse shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is composed of shrubs and young trees of species of the upper layers. Eugenia reinwardtiana, Pimelea aquilonia, Myrsine variabilis, Choriceras tricorne and Leucopogon ruscifolius occur in large numbers. The ground layer is very sparse, and mainly composed of the graminoids, Arthrostylis aphylla, Lomandra spp. and Dianella spp. Occurs on coastal dunefields and beach ridges.","Araucarian microphyll vine forest on coastal dunefields and beach ridges","Araucarian microphyll vine forest on coastal dunefields and beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 121","1, 2, 4.","Endeavour River NP, Heathlands RR, Iron Range NP","High numbers of endemic plant species. The vulnerable species Cycas silvestris and Xanthostemon youngii, and rare species Beilschmiedia peninsularis, Bossiaea arenicola, Gardenia scabrella, Macrostelia grandiflora subsp. grandifolia, Syzygium argyropedicum and Xanthostemon arenarius occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","East coast.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.13","30213","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Syzygium suborbiculare (lady apple), Terminalia muelleri (Mueller’s damson), Cupaniopsis anacardioides (beach tamarind) and Acacia spp. (wattles) dominate the dense uneven canopy (6-15m tall). Canarium australianum (scrub turpentine) and Gyrocarpus americanus (helicopter tree) emerge above the canopy at a few sites. Eugenia reinwardtiana (sweet cherry), Tabernaemontana orientalis, Mallotus nesophilus (yellow ball flower) and Diospyros maritima (broad-leaved ebony) may form a sparse to mid-dense sub canopy layer (2-6m tall). A variable shrub layer (0.5-2m tall) is usually present with Exocarpos latifolius (broad-leaved cherry), Ficus opposita (sandpaper fig), Alyxia spicata (chain fruit) and the vine Abrus precatorius (gidee gidee) frequently occurring. The ground layer is very sparse to dense in patches and composed of a variable mix of herb species. Bulbostylis barbata (a sedge), Panicum trichoides (a native panic), Cyperus pedunculosu and C. zollingeri. Restricted to beach ridges.","Evergreen notophyll vine forest on beach ridges on the east coast","Evergreen notophyll vine forest on beach ridges on the east coast","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 123","2, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP","The endangered species Muellerargia timorensis, and rare species Wrightia versicolor occur in this ecosystem.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","East coast. Frequently heavily used by cattle and feral horses. The weedy introduced plant Hyptis suaveolens* (hyptis) is common in the ground layer.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.14","30214","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Melaleuca arcana predominates, forming a even, sparse canopy, which may vary in height from 7 to 10 metres. Scattered low shrubs (1-2m tall) are sometimes present. The ground layer is sparse and dominated by graminoids. The soil surface is generally covered with leaf litter. Multi-stemmed M. arcana shrubs also dominate tall open-shrublands in exposed situations with the canopy reduced to 2.5m tall. Occurs in low lying areas in the landscape, frequently experiencing waterlogging in the wet season. It commonly occurs on the fringes of freshwater lakes in the dunefields.","Melaleuca arcana low open forest. Associated with dune swamps","Melaleuca arcana low open forest. Associated with dune swamps","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 138","2, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP","Provides wetland habitat for a flora and fauna.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. Exclusion of fire not necessary. ISSUES: Difficult to burn. Will sucker profusely from base after a hot fire. ","The height of the canopy depends on the degree of exposure to the prevailing winds. In sheltered positions, M. arcana trees grow up to 10 metres tall, while in exposed areas, this species has a multi-stemmed growth form and is only 2.5 metres tall.","","3","2","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.15","30215","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Low open woodland of Melaleuca viridiflora, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Thryptomene oligandra or woodland of Corymbia nesophila, Asteromyrtus brassii and Callitris intratropica may occur. A sparse sub-canopy can occur and the shrub layer varies from none to frequent low shrubs. Occurs on beach ridges and dunefields.. Major vegetation communities include: 3.2.15a: The sparse canopy (7-9m tall) is dominated by Melaleuca viridiflora, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Thryptomene oligandra. Scattered emergent Callitris intratropica trees (8-11m) are sometimes present. Leucopogon yorkensis dominates the sparse shrub layer (2.5-4m tall), with Alyxia spicata and Lomandra banksii frequent low shrubs (0.5-1.3m tall). The ground layer is sparse and includes Drosera petiolaris, Stylidium uliginosum, Utricularia chrysantha, Schoenus sparteus, Centrolepis banksii, Fimbristylis pauciflora, Dapsilanthus ramosus and Schoenus calostachyus. Occurs on beach ridges 3.2.15b: Woodland (15-18m tall) dominated by Corymbia nesophila, Asteromyrtus brassii and Callitris intratropica, with a sparse subcanopy tree layer (8-10m tall) composed mainly of A. brassii, C. intratropica and Neofabricia myrtifolia. Scattered Leucopogon spp. occur in the sparse shrub layer. This variant occurred on the landward edge of the Shelburne Bay dunefields. Occurs in dunefields 3.2.15x1: Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Allocasuarina littoralis usually dominate the fairly even, mid-dense canopy (6-10m tall). Multi-stemmed Welchiodendron longivalve trees are also frequently conspicuous in the canopy. A sparse sub canopy layer (2-6m tall) is frequently dominated by Dodonaea polyandra and Allocasuarina littoralis, while a sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) dominated by Alyxia spicata, Dodonaea polyandra, Choriceras tricorne or Exocarpos latifolius species is usually present. The ground layer is very sparse with Schoenus sparteus, Cleistochloa spp., Lomandra spp., Alloteropsis semialata, Eulalia mackinlayi and Gahnia aspera being the most frequent species. Occurs on western edge of Shelburne Bay dunefields.","Melaleuca viridiflora, Neofabricia myrtifolia woodland on beach ridges","Melaleuca viridiflora, Neofabricia myrtifolia woodland on beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 140a; 140b","7.","Jardine River NP","","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","Vegetation community 3.2.15a occurs south of the Jardine River mouth.","","3","2","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.16","30216","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Many trees in this unit tend to be clumped, with typical beach ridge species such as Terminalia muelleri, Pouteria sericea and Grevillea parallela in the denser clumps, and Melaleuca spp. and Grevillea spp. dominating the more open areas. Overall, the canopy (8-12m tall) is sparse. A very sparse sub canopy layer (6-8m tall) is present, with Alphitonia obtusifolia, Dendrolobium umbellatum and Santalum lanceolatum frequent species. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui and Breynia spp. are the most frequent shrubs in the very sparse shrub layer (0.5-3m tall). The ground layer is sparse, and dominated by graminoids, including Panicum trichoides, Pseudopogonatherum contortum and Themeda arguens. Associated with old beach ridges.","Melaleuca viridiflora ± Terminalia muelleri low woodland on old beach ridges","Melaleuca viridiflora ± Terminalia muelleri low woodland on old beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 143","6.","Lakefield NP","","SEASON: Early dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ","Northern Lakefield NP. Hyptis suaveolens* occurred frequently.","","3","2","","Sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.17","30217","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","Leucopogon yorkensis shrubs dominate a mid-dense tall shrub layer (2-10m tall). Frequently, this layer provides the majority of the above ground biomass at the site. Thryptomene oligandra, Acacia crassicarpa, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Callitris intratropica, Canthium sp., Asteromyrtus angustifolia and A. brassii may form part of this layer, but more frequently are emergent trees reaching up to 15m tall. In places, these trees may form a mid-dense canopy and dominate the biomass at the site. Frequently, the trees and shrubs are covered in epiphytic orchids. A sparse to mid-dense, low shrub layer (0.5-3m tall) is present, with Neoroepera banksii, Leucopogon ruscifolius and Myrsine variabilis occurring at the highest densities. The ground layer is very sparse. Occurs on unefields","Leucopogon yorkensis ± Asteromyrtus angustifolia closed scrub on dunefields","Leucopogon yorkensis ± Asteromyrtus angustifolia closed scrub on dunefields","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 161","1, 2, 4.","Endeavour River NP, Jardine River NP","The vulnerable species Myrmecodia beccarii, and rare species Bossiaea arenicola occur in this ecosystem.","ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation type. ","Occurs on major dunefields and beach ridges of the east coast. In exposed situations, the height of the canopy can be reduced to 3-4m tall. There is a higher density of shrubs where the tree layers are more open. The occurrence of Araucaria cunninghamii is very restricted. Callitris intratropica emergents are present at about half of the sites, particularly in the northern dunefields. The heights of the vegetation are often variable and clearly defined layers are often difficult to discern.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.18","30218","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Open heath to dwarf open heath of Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush) and Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree). A variant dominated by Melaleuca arcana occurs near Cape Flattery. Occurs between the parabolic dunes of the Cape York dunefields Major vegetation communities include: 3.2.18a: Asteromyrtus lysicephala (back to front bush), Neofabricia myrtifolia (yellow teatree), Thryptomene oligandra (thryptomene), Hibbertia banksii forma banksii and Jacksonia thesioides consistently occur at high densities and dominate the sparse to mid-dense canopy (0.5-2m tall). Acacia spp. (wattles) and Banksia dentata (swamp banksia) are often present as emergent shrubs (2-3m tall). The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by sedges, with Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on the flat coastal sandplains. 3.2.18b: Melaleuca arcana, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Thryptomene oligandra and Asteromyrtus lysicephala form an open-heath (1.0-1.5m tall) with emergent Banksia robur and Gahnia sieberiana (1.5-2.5m tall). Occurs on the flat coastal sandplains. 3.2.18c: The plants making up the sparse to mid-dense, even canopy (10-50cm tall) are severely windsheared. In sheltered positions, eg. between rocks, the shrubs may reach 1m in height. A variety of species make up the canopy and the dominance may vary with locality. Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Grevillea pteridifolia, Melaleuca viridiflora and Neofabricia myrtifolia usually occur at the highest densities, with Leucopogon ruscifolius locally dominant. Although in many areas, the canopy has a PFC of greater than 70%, the large amount of outcropping rock reduces the overall PFC to about 50%. The ground layer is very sparse and dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent graminoid. Occurs on dunefields","Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Neofabricia myrtifolia open heath on flat sand plains","Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Neofabricia myrtifolia open heath on flat sand plains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 172, 172a, 178-2","1, 2, 4.","Iron Range NP, Jardine River NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","Occurs on flat sand plains which occur between the parabolic dunes in the major dunefields. Vegetation community 3.2.18b is limited in distribution to areas north-west of Cape Flattery. Vegetation community 3.2.18c is found in the Shelburne Bay dunefields.","","3","2","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.19","30219","Of concern","Endangered","Under review",">30% remains of a rare regional ecosystem (190 ha total area).","No representation","The mid-dense, tall shrub layer (2-7m tall) is dominated by Leucopogon yorkensis and Asteromyrtus brassii, with Pouteria sericea and Halfordia kendack also occurring at high densities. Scattered emergent trees (8-11m tall) may be present. A sparse, low shrub layer (0.3-1.5m tall) may be present. The ground layer is very sparse. Occurs on beach ridges","Leucopogon yorkensis ± Asteromyrtus brassii open heath on old beach ridges","Leucopogon yorkensis ± Asteromyrtus brassii open heath on old beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 174","3, 4.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","Occurs on old beach ridges on Torres Strait islands, and in the Olive River dunefield. On Horn Island, this ecosystem has been disturbed by road and powerline corridors. Further infrastructure development should avoid this restricted ecosystem.","","3","2","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.2","30202","Of concern","Of concern","Under review",">30% remains (11 800 ha; only areas remote from settlement and road access are in an intact condition).","No representation","The dense, uneven canopy (6-12m tall) is dominated by a mixture of deciduous and evergreen species with Sterculia quadrifida, Canarium australianum, Cochlospermum gillivraei, Erythrina vespertilio, Ficus virens, Millettia pinnata and Terminalia muelleri the principal deciduous species. The evergreen species include Neofabricia myrtifolia, Syzygium suborbiculare, Celtis philippensis var. philippensis, Manilkara kauki, Polyalthia nitidissima and Thryptomene oligandra. Occasional emergents up to 25 metres tall are present. The mid-dense sub canopy layer (2-8m tall) contains a variety of species with Cupaniopsis anacardioides the most frequent species. Eugenia reinwardtiana, Exocarpos latifolius, Canthium sp., Ixora timorensis and Strychnos lucida are the most commonly occurring shrubs in the very sparse to sparse shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall). A number of thin vines such as Cayratia cardiophylla and Cissus adnata are present in both the canopy and low tree layer. The ground layer is very sparse, and composed of predominantly graminoids. Occurs on coastal dunes and beach ridges.","Semi-deciduous vine thicket on coastal dunes and beach ridges","Semi-deciduous vine thicket on coastal dunes and beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 31","4, 7, 9.","No representation.","High diversity of vascular plants, many with restricted distributions.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation. ","West coast of bioregion. Areas near settlements and road access are degraded by weeds such as rubber vine and calotropis.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.20","30220","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Melaleuca arcana dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (0.5-3m tall). Thryptomene oligandra, Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Baeckea frutescens and Gahnia sieberiana are usually also present at high densities. These latter species may be taller than the predominant M. arcana, which may only reach 0.5m metres in places. Very occasional emergent Grevillea pteridifolia trees up to 6 metres tall may be present. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and dominated by Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum, Dapsilanthus spp. and Schoenus sparteus. In places, Gahnia sieberiana forms thick sedgelands up to 2 metres tall. Occurs in swampy areas on sand plains","Melaleuca arcana, Thryptomene oligandra open heath in swampy areas on sand plains","Melaleuca arcana, Thryptomene oligandra open heath in swampy areas on sand plains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 175","4.","Heathlands RR, Jardine River NP","Provides wetland habitat for a flora and fauna.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","Associated with swampy areas on sand plains in the northern dunefields.","","3","2","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.21","30221","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2003, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Neofabricia myrtifolia, together with Boronia alulata, Neoroepera banksii, Jacksonia thesioides, Acacia calyculata, Leucopogon ruscifolius, Asteromyrtus lysicephala and Hibbertia banksii forma banksii, occur consistently at high densities and form a sparse to closed canopy (1.5-4m tall). Scattered emergent shrubs (3-5m tall) are often present, with Grevillea pteridifolia and Allocasuarina littoralis the most frequent species. A low shrub layer (0.5-1.5m tall) may be present and consists of smaller shrubs of the same species that occur in the canopy layer. Gompholobium nitidum is more frequent in this low shrub layer. The ground layer is usually very sparse (<10% PFC) and consists mainly of graminoids, of which Schoenus sparteus and Arthrostylis aphylla occur most frequently. There are scattered open patches where shrubs are absent. Extensive on dunefields.","Neofabricia myrtifolia ± Jacksonia thesioides open to closed heath. Extensive on dunefields","Neofabricia myrtifolia ± Jacksonia thesioides open to closed heath. Extensive on dunefields","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 176","2, 4, 6.","Cape Melville NP, Endeavour River NP, Heathlands Regards, Rosemary, Jardine River NP, Lakefield NP","The rare species Labichea buettneriana occurs in the southern distribution of this ecosystem.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","This regional ecosystem varies with locality in height, density and species composition. The differences can probably be attributed to differences in exposure to wind, amount of sand movement and soil moisture conditions. In exposed situations the shrubs are stunted and wind sheared (<1m tall), whereas in sheltered positions, a closed-scrub (5-8m tall) may occur. Labichea buettneriana is a co dominant shrub in the Cape Flattery dunefields but does not occur in the northern dunefields. Other species confined to the southern dunefields are Acacia legnota and A. racospermoides. Acacia sp. (Harmer Creek J.R.Clarkson+ 9133) and Asteromyrtus brassii are confined to the northern dunefields.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.22","30222","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","A variety of dwarf shrubs (10-60cm tall) dominate this regional ecosystem, with Acacia humifusa, Lithomyrtus obtusa, Grevillea pteridifolia, Neoroepera banksii, Petalostigma pubescens and Jacksonia thesioides, the most frequent. Occasional taller shrubs (1-2m) may be present in sheltered positions. The ground layer is frequently indistinct from the dwarf shrub layer. The dominant grasses are Eremochloa bimaculata, Heteropogon triticeus and Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum). Associated with windswept coastal dunes and headlands.","Acacia humifusa ± Lithomyrtus obtusa dwarf open heath on dunes and headland","Acacia humifusa ± Lithomyrtus obtusa dwarf open heath on dunes and headland","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 177","2, 4.","Jardine River NP","In the south forms habitat for the rare shrub Labichea buettneriana.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Heath floristic diversity is greatest in the first few years after fire. Structural diversity (e.g., epiphytes) and animal habitats require long inter-fire intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","","","3","2","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.23","30223","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","A variety of dwarf shrub species form an uneven discontinuous canopy (30 to 95cm tall). Shrub dominance varies with locality, and is patchy within a site. Neofabricia myrtifolia, Labichea buettneriana, Leucopogon ruscifolius and Jacksonia thesioides are consistently present dominant shrubs. Scattered emergent low trees (2-3m tall) are sometimes present. The very sparse ground layer is dominated by graminoids. Schoenus sparteus is the most frequent herb. Most of the soil surface is covered with leaf litter. Associated with exposed sand plains.","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Labichea buettneriana dwarf open heath on sand plains","Neofabricia myrtifolia, Labichea buettneriana dwarf open heath on sand plains","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 179","2.","No representation.","Habitat for the rare species Labichea buettneriana.","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season or storm time. INTENSITY: Moderate to hot. INTERVAL: 15-20 years. STRATEGY: Fires should be lit when the conditions are hot enough to ensure germination of hard-seeded plants, but when fire spread will be restricted. Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous s ISSUES: A combination of early to mid-dry season fires and storm-burns would assist in maintaining a mosaic of fire ages. Maintain long fire free intervals. A mosaic of fire ages ensures both habitat diversity and restricts fire spread. ","North of Cape Flattery. May be further impacted by expansion of silica mining.","","3","2","","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.24","30224","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","A variety of grasses and forbs including Spinifex spp. (spinifex), Sporobolus virginicus (saltwater couch), Thuarea involuta, Lepturus repens, Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum), Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. brasiliensis (goat’s foot convolvulus) and Canavalia rosea (wild jack bean) may dominate the ground layer. The density of herbs varies with the degree of exposure. This also influences species composition. Occasional isolated low trees and shrubs may be present. Occurs on exposed foredunes.","Closed herbland of mixed graminoids and forbs. Occurs on exposed foredunes","Closed herbland of mixed graminoids and forbs. Occurs on exposed foredunes","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 193","1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9.","Small areas in Endeavour River NP, Lakefield NP","","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. Low fuel loads and sparse vegetation limits fire spread ","","","3","2","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.25","30225","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","A variety of forbs and graminoids occur, but only form a very sparse ground layer (20-50cm tall). Perotis rara and Bulbostylis barbata frequently have the highest cover, with Sarga plumosum dominating less frequently. Very sparse emergent shrubs (0.5-1.5m tall) and low trees (3-6m tall) may occur. Grevillea parallela is the most frequent tree and shrub. Associated with foredunes and low beach ridges along the coast.","Sparse herbland of mixed herbaceous species on foredunes and beach ridges","Sparse herbland of mixed herbaceous species on foredunes and beach ridges","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 196","2, 4, 6, 9.","Cape Melville NP, Lakefield NP","","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Burning of this ecosystem may lead to dune instability. ","The naturalised species Chloris inflata* and Dactyloctenium aegyptium* can sometimes be dominant in the ground layer.","","3","2","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.26","30226","Not of concern","No concern at present","","In September 2000, remnant extent was > 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Medium","The majority of this regional ecosystem is devoid of vegetation, and consists of actively moving wind-blown sand blows and sand cays that are inundated during very high tides. In areas where the dunes are beginning to stabilise, a gegenvalle landscape develops where low shrubs occur on small raised areas with bare sand occurring between these areas. Areas naturally devoid of vascular plants, predominantly sand blows.","Sparse herbland/shrubland and bare sand areas. Predominantly on sand blows","Sparse herbland/shrubland and bare sand areas. Predominantly on sand blows","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 198","2, 4, 8.","Cape Melville NP, Heathlands RR, Jardine River NP, Mungkan Kandju NP","","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ISSUES: Non-flammable vegetation. Low fuel loads and sparse vegetation limits fire spread ","","","3","2","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.27","30227","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Ephemeral or perennial lakes in dunefields fringed by Lepironia articulata open-sedgelands. Also includes ephemeral lakes dominated by a variety of aquatic plants depending on the water depth and season. Occurs in shallow lakes and dune swales in coastal dunefields. Major vegetation communities include: 3.2.27a: Lepironia articulata forms an open-sedgeland around the margins of the perennial lakes. It occurs in water depths of up to 1.5m. The deeper areas of the lakes are vegetation-free. These generally brown-coloured, tannin-rich lakes do not support many aquatic species. On the shallow lake margins, Schoenus calostachyus, Dapsilanthus elatior and Baumea teretifolia may occur in sparse swards. Occasional shrubs may be present on the lake margins. Occurs in shallow lakes in east coast dunefields. 3.2.27b: The floristic composition and dominance of this regional ecosystem varies with locality and is determined by the interaction of such factors as substrate, water depth and frequency and duration of flooding. All of the wetlands occupied by this regional ecosystem are usually shallow and dry completely in the dry season. The floating plants such as Monochoria spp. (monochoria) and Nymphoides spp. (marshworts) may dominate in some areas while the bottom-rooted Ludwigia perennis (water primrose), Nymphaea sp. (water lily) and Caldesia oligococca (caldesia) are dominant in other areas. Tall graminoids that emerge above the water surface such as Eleocharis sp. (bulkaru), Oryza rufipogon (wild rice) and Panicum trichoides (a native panic) are frequently present and dominate in some areas. Emergent forbs such as Aeschynomene spp., Melochia corchorifolia and Sesbania sp. also occur frequently. Occurs in dunes swales.","Ephemeral and perennial lakes in coastal dunefields","Perennial lakes with sedgelands on margins. Lakes in east coast dunefields","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 200, 199-2","2, 4.","Cape Melville NP, Jardine River NP.","Tannin-rich lakes with low diversity of aquatic species.","STRATEGY: No fire management required. ","In shallow swampy areas, Gahnia sieberiana and Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum may dominate a sedgeland to closed-sedgeland.","","3","2","Lacustrine wetland (e.g. lake)","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.28","30228","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Manilkara kauki dominates the dense uneven canopy (6-15m tall). Mimusops elengi, Terminalia arenicola, T. muelleri and Canarium australianum may frequently be co dominant canopy trees. Erythrina variegata dominates the canopy at a few sites. Drypetes deplanchei, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Exocarpos latifolius and Diospyros maritima may be present as sub canopy trees (2-10m tall). A variable shrub layer (1-6m tall) is usually present with Premna serratifolia and the vine Abrus precatorius frequently occurring. The ground layer is very sparse and composed of a variable mix of herb species. Restricted to beach ridges on the coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays.","Evergreen notophyll vine forest on beach ridges on coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Evergreen notophyll vine forest on beach ridges on coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 122","Great Barrier Reef.","Many island NPs.","","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. ","Great Barrier Reef Islands.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.29","30229","Of concern","Endangered","Threatening processes other than clearing.","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Pisonia grandis frequently completely dominates the dense canopy, with the height ranging from 5-20 metres tall, depending on the exposure to winds. A very sparse shrub layer (1-4m tall) is occasionally present. The canopy is completely deciduous in the dry season, and consequently the ground is covered with a thick layer of humus and rotting leaves, which excludes most herbs. Restricted to a few scattered sand cays.","Pisonia grandis low closed forest. Restricted to a few scattered sand cays","Pisonia grandis low closed forest. Restricted to a few scattered sand cays","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 128","Great Barrier Reef.","A few island NPs.","Important breeding habitat for seabirds.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. ","Great Barrier Reef Islands. Highly susceptible to degradation from cyclones, fires, insect attack and human disturbance.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.3","30203","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","No representation","Melaleuca dealbata dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy layer (6-22m tall), often being the only species in this layer. Acacia crassicarpa and A. leptocarpa are frequent sub canopy trees (3-4m tall) and in some situations form part of the canopy. A very sparse shrub layer is sometimes present. The alien scandent shrub, Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubbervine)* was present at all sites sampled. The ground layer is generally very sparse, however in some localities, Chrysopogon rigidus dominates a sparse ground layer. Occurs in dune swales adjacent to frontal dunes.","Melaleuca dealbata ± Acacia crassicarpa open forest. Occurs in dune swales on the west coast","Melaleuca dealbata ± Acacia crassicarpa open forest. Occurs in dune swales on the west coast","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 49","4, 9.","No representation.","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn less than 10% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Restrict extent and intensity of fires, because intense and extensive fires degrade vegetation structure and destroy animal habitats. ","West coast of the bioregion.","","3","2","Palustrine wetland (e.g. vegetated swamp)","Mid-dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.30","30230","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Pemphis acidula frequently dominates narrow bands of low closed-forest to low open-shrubland (2-12m tall). Other mangrove species may be present as low trees. Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina are often present in the canopy as well. A sparse mixed shrub layer (1-4m tall) is sometimes present. The ground layer is usually sparse with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis and Suaeda australis the most frequent species. Restricted to the coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays. It can occur in three situations: (1) on seaward shores of sand cays, (2) most frequently on the inner margins of conglomerate platforms on the windward sides of low woodland islands, and (3) at the junction of the sand cays and mangroves.","Pemphis acidula ± low closed forest. Restricted to coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Pemphis acidula ± low closed forest. Restricted to coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 133","Great Barrier Reef.","Island NPs.","Provides estuarine wetland habitat.","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. ","Great Barrier Reef islands.","","3","2","Estuarine wetlands (e.g. mangroves)","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.31","30231","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Premna serratifolia dominates the variable canopy, which ranges in height from 1 to 4.5 metres and from sparse to dense cover. Colubrina asiatica, Mimusops elengi, Caesalpinia bonduc, Eugenia reinwardtiana and Exocarpos latifolius may be present as subdominant shrubs. Scattered emergent trees up to 8m are sometimes present. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense, and dominated by a variety of herbs including Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Lepturus repens and Sporobolus virginicus. Restricted to the coral cays and sand cays.","Premna serratifolia closed scrub. Restricted to coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Premna serratifolia closed scrub. Restricted to coral atolls, shingle cays and sand cays","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 162","Great Barrier Reef.","Many island NPs.","","STRATEGY: Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in extent. ISSUES: Fire sensitive vegetation type. ","Great Barrier Reef islands. In a variant (vegetation unit 162A) the shrub layer is dominated by Dodonaea platyptera, with Premna serratifolia subdominant and Abrus precatorius abundant. In a second variant (vegetation unit 162B) Colubrina asiatica or Cordia subcordata are the dominant shrubs. The shrub and ground layer composition is similar to 3.2.31.","","3","2","","Dense","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.32","30232","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, pre-clearing area was < 1,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","High","Lepturus repens usually dominates the dense ground layer. The creeping vines, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis and Canavalia rosea, and forb Tribulus cistoides also occur at high projective foliage covers. Emergent shrubs (1-3m tall) and low trees up to 8 metres tall may be present, but are generally very sparse. Premna serratifolia, Scaevola taccada and Clerodendrum inerme are the most frequent shrubs. Restricted to the sand cays.","Lepturus repens closed herbland. Restricted to sand cays","Lepturus repens closed herbland. Restricted to sand cays","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 192","Great Barrier Reef.","Many island NPs.","","SEASON: Early dry season. INTENSITY: Cool. INTERVAL: Annual. STRATEGY: Burn when water level is deep enough to protect bases of sedges. Burn less than 30% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in ext ISSUES: Sedges are disadvantaged by repeated hot fires. Mild fires help to maintain open structure. Mosaic helps protect animal habitat and food. ","Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait islands. Variants of this 3.2.32 occur with either Spinifex sericeus, Sporobolus virginicus or Brachiaria subquadripara dominating the mid-dense to dense ground layer.","","3","2","","Very sparse","Cape York Peninsula ","Coastal dunes" "3.2.33","30233","Of concern","Of concern","","In September 2003, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and >30% of the pre-clearing area remained.","Low","Gahnia sieberiana forms an open- to closed-heath (1.5-2m tall) , with Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Melaleuca arcana and Thryptomene oligandra subdominant shrubs. Banksia robur, Melaleuca polandii and Leptospermum polygalifolium also are present in the Cape Flattery dunefields. Occurs in drainage swamps in east coast dunefields.","Gahnia sieberiana open to closed heath. Drainage swamps in east coast dunefields","Gahnia sieberiana open to closed heath. Drainage swamps in east coast dunefields","Neldner and Clarkson (in prep), 191c","2.","Endeavour River NP","","SEASON: Early to mid-dry season. INTENSITY: Light to moderate. Burn only under mild conditions. INTERVAL: 3-5 years. STRATEGY: Burn when water level is deep enough to protect bases of sedges. Burn less than 30% in any year. Protection relies on broad-scale management of surrounding country with numerous small fires throughout the year so that wildfires will be very limited in ext ISSUES: Sedges are disadvantaged by repeated hot fires. Mild fires help to maintain open structure. Mosaic helps protect animal habitat and food. ","Dunefields of the south east around Cape Flat